# rftools.io — Complete Calculator Reference

> 197 RF & electronics calculators across 13 categories.
> Website: https://rftools.io
> MCP Server: list_calculators, get_calculator_info, run_calculation

## rf: RF & Microwave Calculators (21)

### microstrip-impedance
Microstrip Impedance Calculator
Calculate microstrip transmission line impedance using Hammerstad-Jensen equations. Get Z₀, effective dielectric constant, and propagation delay for PCB trace design.
Inputs: traceWidth (mm, default: 1.2), substrateHeight (mm, default: 1.6), dielectricConstant (, default: 4.2), copperThickness (μm, default: 35)
Outputs: impedance (Ω), effectiveDielectric (), propagationDelay (ps/mm)
URL: https://rftools.io/calculators/rf/microstrip-impedance

### rf-link-budget
RF Link Budget Calculator
Calculate RF link budget: transmit power, free space path loss, antenna gains, and received signal level. Determine link margin and maximum range.
Inputs: txPower (dBm, default: 30), txGain (dBi, default: 3), txCableLoss (dB, default: 1), frequency (MHz, default: 2400), distance (km, default: 1), miscLoss (dB, default: 3), rxGain (dBi, default: 3), rxCableLoss (dB, default: 1), rxSensitivity (dBm, default: -90)
Outputs: fspl (dB), eirp (dBm), rxPower (dBm), linkMargin (dB), maxRangeKm (km)
URL: https://rftools.io/calculators/rf/rf-link-budget

### vswr-return-loss
VSWR & Return Loss Calculator
Convert between VSWR, return loss, reflection coefficient, mismatch loss, and reflected/transmitted power percentage for RF impedance matching.
Inputs: vswr (:1, default: 1.5)
Outputs: returnLoss (dB), gamma (), mismatchLoss (dB), reflectedPct (%), transmittedPct (%)
URL: https://rftools.io/calculators/rf/vswr-return-loss

### db-converter
dBm Power Converter
Convert dBm to watts, milliwatts, dBW, dBμV, and volts RMS. Essential RF power unit conversion tool for signal levels and link budgets.
Inputs: dbm (dBm, default: 0), impedance (Ω, default: 50)
Outputs: dbw (dBW), watts (W), mwatts (mW), uwatts (μW), vrms (V RMS), mvrms (mV RMS), dbuv (dBμV)
URL: https://rftools.io/calculators/rf/db-converter

### noise-figure-cascade
Cascaded Noise Figure Calculator
Calculate cascaded noise figure for a chain of RF stages using the Friis formula. Essential for LNA and receiver chain design.
Inputs: numStages (, default: 3), stage1NF (dB, default: 1.5), stage1Gain (dB, default: 15), stage2NF (dB, default: 8), stage2Gain (dB, default: -6), stage3NF (dB, default: 6), stage3Gain (dB, default: 20), stage4NF (dB, default: 3)
Outputs: cascadedNF (dB), cascadedF (), stage1Contribution (dB), stage2Contribution (dB), stage3Contribution (dB)
URL: https://rftools.io/calculators/rf/noise-figure-cascade

### skin-depth
Skin Depth Calculator
Calculate the skin depth (penetration depth) of electromagnetic fields in conductors as a function of frequency and material properties.
Inputs: frequency (MHz, default: 1000), conductivity (S/m, default: 58000000), relativePermeability (, default: 1)
Outputs: skinDepthUm (μm), skinDepthNm (nm), surfaceResistance (mΩ/□)
URL: https://rftools.io/calculators/rf/skin-depth

### wavelength-frequency
Wavelength & Frequency Calculator
Convert between frequency, wavelength, and wave number in free space or medium. Calculate half-wave and quarter-wave lengths for antenna and transmission line design.
Inputs: frequency (MHz, default: 2400), medium (, default: 1)
Outputs: wavelengthMm (mm), actualWavelengthMm (mm), halfWaveMm (mm), quarterWaveMm (mm), wavenumber (rad/m)
URL: https://rftools.io/calculators/rf/wavelength-frequency

### coax-impedance
Coaxial Cable Impedance Calculator
Calculate coaxial cable characteristic impedance, capacitance, inductance per unit length, and cutoff frequency from inner/outer conductor dimensions and dielectric.
Inputs: innerDiameter (mm, default: 0.9), outerDiameter (mm, default: 2.95), dielectricConstant (, default: 2.2)
Outputs: impedance (Ω), capacitancePFm (pF/m), inductanceNHm (nH/m), velocityFactor (), cutoffFreqGHz (GHz)
URL: https://rftools.io/calculators/rf/coax-impedance

### attenuator-designer
RF Attenuator Designer
Design Pi (π) and T attenuator pads for any attenuation value and impedance. Returns standard resistor values for both topologies with nearest E24 values.
Inputs: attenuation (dB, default: 6), impedance (Ω, default: 50)
Outputs: piR1 (Ω), piR1Nearest (Ω), piR2 (Ω), piR2Nearest (Ω), tR1 (Ω), tR1Nearest (Ω), tR2 (Ω), tR2Nearest (Ω)
URL: https://rftools.io/calculators/rf/attenuator-designer

### smith-chart
Smith Chart Calculator
Interactive Smith Chart for impedance matching and RF network analysis. Enter load impedance to visualize reflection coefficient, VSWR circle, and normalized impedance.
Inputs: resistance (Ω, default: 50), reactance (Ω, default: 0), referenceImpedance (Ω, default: 50), frequency (MHz, default: 1000)
Outputs: gamma_mag (), gamma_ang (°), vswr (:1), returnLoss (dB), mismatchLoss (dB), normalizedR (), normalizedX ()
URL: https://rftools.io/calculators/rf/smith-chart

### q-factor
Q Factor Calculator for Inductors & Capacitors
Calculate quality factor (Q) for inductors and capacitors, resonant circuit bandwidth, and equivalent series resistance
Inputs: componentType (, default: 0), value (μH / nF, default: 10), esr (Ω, default: 0.5), frequency (MHz, default: 10)
Outputs: qFactor (), reactance (Ω), bandwidth (kHz), halfPowerFreqLow (MHz), halfPowerFreqHigh (MHz)
URL: https://rftools.io/calculators/rf/q-factor

### waveguide-cutoff
Rectangular Waveguide Cutoff Frequency Calculator
Calculate cutoff frequencies for rectangular waveguide TE and TM modes, guide wavelength, and phase velocity
Inputs: width (mm, default: 22.86), height (mm, default: 10.16), frequency (GHz, default: 10), modeM (, default: 1), modeN (, default: 0)
Outputs: cutoffFreq (GHz), guideWavelength (mm), phaseVelocity (×c), groupVelocity (×c), betaPropagates ((1=yes))
URL: https://rftools.io/calculators/rf/waveguide-cutoff

### free-space-path-loss
Free-Space Path Loss Calculator
Calculate free-space path loss (FSPL) using the Friis transmission equation for wireless link budget analysis
Inputs: frequency (MHz, default: 2400), distance (km, default: 1)
Outputs: fspl_dB (dB), fspl_linear ()
URL: https://rftools.io/calculators/rf/free-space-path-loss

### radar-range-equation
Radar Range Equation Calculator
Calculate maximum radar detection range using the radar range equation, including RCS, antenna gain, noise figure, and bandwidth parameters
Inputs: peakPower (kW, default: 100), gain (dBi, default: 30), frequency (GHz, default: 3), rcs (m², default: 1), noiseFigure (dB, default: 6), bandwidth (MHz, default: 1)
Outputs: maxRange (km), snrAtMaxRange (dB), receivedPower (dBm)
URL: https://rftools.io/calculators/rf/radar-range-equation

### power-amplifier-efficiency
Power Amplifier Efficiency Calculator (PAE & Drain Efficiency)
Calculate RF power amplifier efficiency including power-added efficiency (PAE), drain efficiency, DC power consumption, and heat dissipation
Inputs: outputPower (dBm, default: 30), inputPower (dBm, default: 0), dcVoltage (V, default: 5), dcCurrent (mA, default: 500)
Outputs: gain (dB), dcPower (mW), pae (%), drainEfficiency (%), dissipatedPower (mW)
URL: https://rftools.io/calculators/rf/power-amplifier-efficiency

### intermodulation-distortion
Intermodulation Distortion & IP3 Calculator
Calculate third-order intercept point (IP3), intermodulation distortion products, and spurious-free dynamic range for RF amplifiers and mixers
Inputs: outputPower (dBm, default: 10), inputPower (dBm, default: 0), oip3 (dBm, default: 30)
Outputs: iip3 (dBm), im3Power (dBm), im3Ratio (dBc), dynamicRange (dB)
URL: https://rftools.io/calculators/rf/intermodulation-distortion

### phase-noise-to-jitter
Phase Noise to Jitter Converter
Convert oscillator phase noise (dBc/Hz) to RMS jitter and cycle-to-cycle jitter by integrating over a specified offset frequency range
Inputs: carrierFreq (MHz, default: 100), phaseNoise (dBc/Hz, default: -120), offsetFreqLow (kHz, default: 1), offsetFreqHigh (kHz, default: 10000)
Outputs: rmsJitter (ps), cycleToCycleJitter (ps), phaseNoisePower (dBc)
URL: https://rftools.io/calculators/rf/phase-noise-to-jitter

### fresnel-zone
Fresnel Zone Calculator
Calculate Fresnel zone radius at the midpoint of an RF line-of-sight link. Determine required clearance above obstructions for reliable microwave and WiFi links.
Inputs: frequency (GHz, default: 5.8), distance (km, default: 1), n (, default: 1)
Outputs: radiusM (m), clearanceM (m), wavelengthM (m)
URL: https://rftools.io/calculators/rf/fresnel-zone

### power-density
RF Power Density Calculator
Calculate RF power density (W/m²), electric field strength (V/m), and magnetic field strength (A/m) from EIRP and distance. Useful for EMF exposure and safety analysis.
Inputs: eirp (dBm, default: 30), distance (m, default: 10), frequency (GHz, default: 2.4)
Outputs: powerDensity (mW/m²), efield (V/m), hfield (mA/m), planeWaveImpedance (Ω)
URL: https://rftools.io/calculators/rf/power-density

### balun-transformer
Balun & RF Transformer Calculator
Calculate balun and RF transformer turns ratio, impedance transformation ratio, and insertion loss for balanced/unbalanced feed line matching.
Inputs: zSource (Ω, default: 50), zLoad (Ω, default: 200), frequency (MHz, default: 100), bandwidth (MHz, default: 10)
Outputs: turnsRatio (:1), impedanceRatio (:1), insertionLoss (dB), vswr (:1)
URL: https://rftools.io/calculators/rf/balun-transformer

### link-margin
RF Link Margin Calculator
Calculate RF link margin from TX power, antenna gains, free-space path loss, and receiver sensitivity. Determines maximum range and fade margin for wireless links.
Inputs: txPower (dBm, default: 20), txGain (dBi, default: 3), rxGain (dBi, default: 3), distance (km, default: 1), frequency (GHz, default: 2.4), sensitivity (dBm, default: -90), cableLoss (dB, default: 1)
Outputs: fspl (dB), receivedPower (dBm), linkMargin (dB), maxRange (km)
URL: https://rftools.io/calculators/rf/link-margin

## pcb: PCB Design Calculators (13)

### trace-width-current
PCB Trace Width Calculator (IPC-2221 / IPC-2152)
Calculate minimum PCB trace width for a given current, copper weight, and temperature rise per IPC-2221 and IPC-2152 standards. Includes resistance and voltage drop.
Inputs: current (A, default: 1), copperWeight (oz, default: 1), tempRise (°C, default: 10), traceLength (mm, default: 100), isExternal (, default: 1)
Outputs: width2221mm (mm), width2152mm (mm), resistance (Ω), voltageDrop (V), powerDiss (W)
URL: https://rftools.io/calculators/pcb/trace-width-current

### trace-resistance
PCB Trace Resistance Calculator
Calculate PCB copper trace DC resistance from width, length, thickness, and temperature. Includes sheet resistance and temperature coefficient.
Inputs: traceWidth (mm, default: 0.5), traceLength (mm, default: 100), copperThickness (μm, default: 35), temperature (°C, default: 25)
Outputs: resistance (Ω), resistanceMOhm (mΩ), sheetResistance (mΩ/□)
URL: https://rftools.io/calculators/pcb/trace-resistance

### differential-pair
Differential Pair Impedance Calculator
Calculate differential (Zdiff) and common-mode (Zcom) impedance for edge-coupled microstrip differential pairs used in USB, HDMI, Ethernet, and high-speed serial interfaces.
Inputs: traceWidth (mm, default: 0.15), traceSpacing (mm, default: 0.15), substrateHeight (mm, default: 0.1), dielectricConstant (, default: 4.2), copperThickness (μm, default: 17.5)
Outputs: zdiff (Ω), zcom (Ω), z0single (Ω), zodd (Ω), zeven (Ω)
URL: https://rftools.io/calculators/pcb/differential-pair

### via-calculator
PCB Via Calculator
Calculate PCB via impedance, capacitance, inductance, current capacity, aspect ratio, and DFM warnings. Covers through-hole and blind/buried vias.
Inputs: viaDiameter (mm, default: 0.3), padDiameter (mm, default: 0.6), boardThickness (mm, default: 1.6), dielectricConstant (, default: 4.2), copperThickness (μm, default: 25), signalLayer (, default: 0)
Outputs: impedance (Ω), capacitancePF (pF), inductanceNH (nH), aspectRatio (), currentCapacityA (A)
URL: https://rftools.io/calculators/pcb/via-calculator

### stackup-builder
PCB Stackup Impedance Calculator
Calculate characteristic impedance for common PCB stackup configurations. Select layer count, dielectric thickness, and copper weight to get target trace width for 50Ω or custom impedance.
Inputs: layerCount (, default: 4), targetImpedance (Ω, default: 50), dielectricH1 (mm, default: 0.2), dielectricH2 (mm, default: 1.2), dielectricH3 (mm, default: 0.2), copperWeight (oz, default: 1), dielectricConstant (, default: 4.2)
Outputs: traceWidthL1mm (mm), traceWidthL3mm (mm), achievedImpedanceL1 (Ω), achievedImpedanceL3 (Ω), totalThicknessMm (mm)
URL: https://rftools.io/calculators/pcb/stackup-builder

### controlled-impedance
PCB Controlled Impedance Calculator
Calculate characteristic impedance for surface microstrip, embedded microstrip, and stripline PCB traces
Inputs: traceType (, default: 0), traceWidth (mm, default: 1.8), substrateHeight (mm, default: 0.2), dielectricConst (, default: 4.4), copperThickness (μm, default: 35), coverHeight (mm, default: 0.1)
Outputs: impedance (Ω), effectiveDielectric (), propagationDelay (ps/mm), traceWidthFor50 (mm)
URL: https://rftools.io/calculators/pcb/controlled-impedance

### pcb-crosstalk
PCB Crosstalk Calculator
Estimate PCB trace crosstalk coupling coefficient, NEXT, FEXT, and critical coupling length for signal integrity analysis on PCB layouts
Inputs: traceWidth (mm, default: 0.2), traceSpacing (mm, default: 0.2), dielectricHeight (mm, default: 0.1), frequency (MHz, default: 100), traceLength (mm, default: 50)
Outputs: couplingCoeff (%), next_dB (dB), fext_dB (dB), criticalLength (mm)
URL: https://rftools.io/calculators/pcb/pcb-crosstalk

### decoupling-capacitor
Decoupling Capacitor Selection Calculator
Calculate decoupling capacitor self-resonant frequency, impedance at target frequency, effective bypass range, and number of capacitors needed for power integrity
Inputs: capacitance (nF, default: 100), esr (mΩ, default: 50), esl (nH, default: 1), targetFreq (MHz, default: 100), supplyImpedance (mΩ, default: 10)
Outputs: selfResonantFreq (MHz), impedanceAtSrf (mΩ), impedanceAtTarget (mΩ), effectiveRange (MHz), numCapacitors ()
URL: https://rftools.io/calculators/pcb/decoupling-capacitor

### pcb-trace-inductance
PCB Trace Inductance Calculator
Calculate PCB trace parasitic inductance using the Ruehli formula, including inductance per unit length and inductive impedance at key frequencies
Inputs: traceLength (mm, default: 10), traceWidth (mm, default: 0.2), thickness (μm, default: 35)
Outputs: inductance (nH), inductancePerLength (nH/mm), impedanceAt100MHz (Ω), impedanceAt1GHz (Ω)
URL: https://rftools.io/calculators/pcb/pcb-trace-inductance

### via-thermal-resistance
Via Thermal Resistance Calculator
Calculate PCB via thermal resistance, array thermal resistance, thermal conductance, and current-carrying capacity for thermal via design
Inputs: viaDiameter (mm, default: 0.3), platingThickness (μm, default: 25), boardThickness (mm, default: 1.6), numVias (, default: 4), viaFill (, default: 0)
Outputs: viaResistance (°C/W), arrayResistance (°C/W), thermalConductance (W/°C), currentCapacity (mA)
URL: https://rftools.io/calculators/pcb/via-thermal-resistance

### power-plane-impedance
PCB Power Plane Impedance Calculator
Calculate PCB power plane spreading impedance, plane capacitance, inductance, and self-resonant frequency for PDN (power delivery network) design.
Inputs: length (mm, default: 100), width (mm, default: 80), dielectric (mm, default: 0.1), er (, default: 4.4), frequency (MHz, default: 100)
Outputs: capacitance (nF), impedance (mΩ), resonantFrequency (MHz), inductance (nH)
URL: https://rftools.io/calculators/pcb/power-plane-impedance

### via-stub-resonance
PCB Via Stub Resonance Calculator
Calculate PCB via stub length, stub resonant frequency that causes signal notch, and frequency improvement from back-drilling.
Inputs: pcbThickness (mm, default: 1.6), layer (, default: 4), totalLayers (, default: 8), er (, default: 4.3)
Outputs: stubLength (mm), resonantFreq (GHz), notchDepth (dB), backdrillBenefit (GHz)
URL: https://rftools.io/calculators/pcb/via-stub-resonance

### solder-paste-volume
Solder Paste Volume Calculator
Calculate SMD solder paste volume, stencil aperture area, and IPC-7525A area ratio for stencil printing and reflow soldering process.
Inputs: padLength (mm, default: 1.5), padWidth (mm, default: 0.8), stencilThickness (mm, default: 0.12), apertureReduction (%, default: 10)
Outputs: apertureArea (mm²), pasteVolume (mm³), pasteVolumeMl (μL), areaRatio ()
URL: https://rftools.io/calculators/pcb/solder-paste-volume

## power: Power Electronics Calculators (20)

### voltage-divider
Voltage Divider Calculator
Calculate voltage divider output voltage, current, Thévenin impedance, and power dissipation from Vin, R1, and R2. Ideal for bias networks and level shifting.
Inputs: vin (V, default: 5), r1 (Ω, default: 10000), r2 (Ω, default: 10000)
Outputs: vout (V), ratio (), current (A), rThev (Ω), powerR1 (W), powerR2 (W)
URL: https://rftools.io/calculators/power/voltage-divider

### led-resistor
LED Current Limiting Resistor Calculator
Calculate the correct current limiting resistor for an LED. Shows exact value, nearest E24 standard, actual current, and power dissipation.
Inputs: vSupply (V, default: 5), vForward (V, default: 2), iForward (mA, default: 20)
Outputs: rExact (Ω), rNearest (Ω), iActual (mA), power (W), pNearest (W)
URL: https://rftools.io/calculators/power/led-resistor

### buck-converter
Buck Converter Design Calculator
Design a synchronous buck (step-down) converter: calculate duty cycle, inductor value, output capacitor, input capacitor, and theoretical efficiency.
Inputs: vin (V, default: 12), vout (V, default: 5), iout (A, default: 1), fsw (kHz, default: 500), deltaIL (%, default: 30), deltaVout (%, default: 1)
Outputs: dutyCycle (%), inductorUH (μH), coutUF (μF), cinUF (μF), ilPeak (A), efficiency (%)
URL: https://rftools.io/calculators/power/buck-converter

### ldo-thermal
LDO Thermal Calculator
Calculate LDO regulator power dissipation, junction temperature, thermal margin, and minimum dropout voltage for thermal design validation.
Inputs: vin (V, default: 5), vout (V, default: 3.3), iload (mA, default: 500), thetaJA (°C/W, default: 50), tamb (°C, default: 25), tjMax (°C, default: 125)
Outputs: pdiss (W), tj (°C), margin (°C), dropoutV (V), efficiencyPct (%)
URL: https://rftools.io/calculators/power/ldo-thermal

### battery-life
Battery Life Calculator
Estimate battery runtime for IoT and portable devices given average current draw, duty cycle, self-discharge rate, and depth-of-discharge cutoff. Suitable for LiPo, alkaline, NiMH, and coin-cell batteries.
Inputs: capacity (mAh, default: 2000), avgCurrent (mA, default: 100), dutyCycle (%, default: 100), selfDischarge (%/month, default: 2), cutoffSoc (%, default: 20)
Outputs: runtimeHours (h), runtimeDays (days), effectiveCurrent (mA), usableCapacityMAh (mAh)
URL: https://rftools.io/calculators/power/battery-life

### power-factor
Power Factor Calculator
Calculate power factor, reactive power, and correction capacitor for AC circuits
Inputs: apparentPower (VA, default: 1000), powerFactor (, default: 0.8), voltage (V, default: 230), frequency (Hz, default: 50), targetPF (, default: 0.95)
Outputs: realPower (W), reactivePower (VAR), pfAngle (°), correctionCapacitor (μF)
URL: https://rftools.io/calculators/power/power-factor

### boost-converter
Boost Converter Design Calculator
Calculate duty cycle, inductor value, and output capacitor for boost (step-up) DC-DC converter design
Inputs: inputVoltage (V, default: 5), outputVoltage (V, default: 12), outputCurrent (A, default: 0.5), switchFreq (kHz, default: 100), ripplePct (%, default: 30), efficiency (%, default: 88)
Outputs: dutyCycle (%), inductorCurrent (A), inductorValue (μH), outputCapacitor (μF), peakCurrent (A)
URL: https://rftools.io/calculators/power/boost-converter

### three-phase-power
Three-Phase Power Calculator
Calculate three-phase real power, reactive power, apparent power, current, and power factor from line or phase values
Inputs: connectionType (, default: 0), lineVoltage (V, default: 400), current (A, default: 10), powerFactor (, default: 0.85)
Outputs: phaseVoltage (V), realPower (kW), reactivePower (kVAR), apparentPower (kVA), pfAngle (°)
URL: https://rftools.io/calculators/power/three-phase-power

### pwm-duty-cycle
PWM Duty Cycle Calculator
Calculate PWM duty cycle, frequency, average voltage, off-time, and RMS voltage from on-time and period parameters
Inputs: onTime (μs, default: 5), period (μs, default: 10), supplyVoltage (V, default: 3.3)
Outputs: dutyCycle (%), frequency (kHz), avgVoltage (V), offTime (μs), rmsVoltage (V)
URL: https://rftools.io/calculators/power/pwm-duty-cycle

### mosfet-power-dissipation
MOSFET Power Dissipation Calculator
Calculate MOSFET conduction loss, switching loss, total power dissipation, junction temperature, and efficiency for power electronics design
Inputs: drainCurrent (A, default: 5), rdson (mΩ, default: 10), vds (V, default: 12), frequency (kHz, default: 100), riseTime (ns, default: 20), fallTime (ns, default: 20), rthJA (°C/W, default: 40), tAmbient (°C, default: 25)
Outputs: conductionLoss (mW), switchingLoss (mW), totalLoss (mW), junctionTemp (°C), efficiency (%)
URL: https://rftools.io/calculators/power/mosfet-power-dissipation

### solar-panel-sizing
Solar Panel Sizing Calculator
Calculate solar panel wattage, battery capacity, and charge controller current for off-grid photovoltaic systems based on load and sun hours
Inputs: loadPower (W, default: 100), peakSunHours (hr, default: 5), systemVoltage (V, default: 12), batteryCapacity (Ah, default: 100), daysAutonomy (, default: 3)
Outputs: energyPerDay (Wh), panelWattage (W), panelCurrent (A), batteryAh (Ah), chargeControllerAmps (A)
URL: https://rftools.io/calculators/power/solar-panel-sizing

### battery-charge-time
Battery Charge Time Calculator
Calculate Li-ion battery charge time using CC/CV method, including CC phase duration, total charge time, energy input, and charging efficiency
Inputs: capacity (mAh, default: 3000), chargeCurrentC (C, default: 1), initialSoc (%, default: 20), targetSoc (%, default: 80), chargingVoltage (V, default: 4.2), battVoltage (V, default: 3.7)
Outputs: chargeCurrent (mA), ccTime (hr), chargeTime (hr), energyIn (mWh), chargingEfficiency (%)
URL: https://rftools.io/calculators/power/battery-charge-time

### inrush-current-limiter
Inrush Current Limiter (NTC) Calculator
Calculate NTC thermistor requirements for inrush current limiting, including cold resistance, peak inrush current, time constant, and energy absorbed
Inputs: supplyVoltage (V, default: 12), filterCapacitance (μF, default: 1000), targetInrush (A, default: 5), ntcResistanceHot (Ω, default: 0.5)
Outputs: ntcResistanceCold (Ω), peakInrush (A), timeConstant (ms), energyAbsorbed (mJ), limitingResistor (Ω)
URL: https://rftools.io/calculators/power/inrush-current-limiter

### charge-pump-voltage
Charge Pump Voltage Multiplier Calculator
Calculate Dickson charge pump output voltage, loaded voltage, output ripple, and efficiency for switched-capacitor voltage multiplier circuits
Inputs: inputVoltage (V, default: 3.3), stages (, default: 2), pumpCurrent (mA, default: 10), frequency (kHz, default: 100), capacitance (μF, default: 1)
Outputs: openCircuitVoltage (V), loadedVoltage (V), outputRipple (mV), efficiency (%)
URL: https://rftools.io/calculators/power/charge-pump-voltage

### switching-regulator-ripple
Switching Regulator Output Ripple Calculator
Calculate buck converter output voltage ripple, inductor current ripple, and ESR contribution for switching regulator design
Inputs: inputVoltage (V, default: 12), outputVoltage (V, default: 5), frequency (kHz, default: 500), inductance (μH, default: 10), capacitance (μF, default: 100), esr (mΩ, default: 20)
Outputs: dutyCycle (%), inductorRippleCurrent (A), capacitorRipple (mV), inductorRipple (mV), peakToPeakRipple (mV)
URL: https://rftools.io/calculators/power/switching-regulator-ripple

### linear-regulator-dropout
LDO Linear Regulator Dropout Calculator
Calculate LDO regulator power dissipation, junction temperature rise, minimum input voltage, efficiency, and headroom for linear regulator design
Inputs: inputVoltage (V, default: 5), outputVoltage (V, default: 3.3), loadCurrent (mA, default: 500), dropoutVoltage (mV, default: 300), thetaJA (°C/W, default: 50)
Outputs: powerDissipation (mW), junctionTempRise (°C), minInputVoltage (V), efficiency (%), headroom (mV)
URL: https://rftools.io/calculators/power/linear-regulator-dropout

### transformer-turns-ratio
Transformer Turns Ratio Calculator
Calculate transformer turns ratio, secondary current, apparent power, and real power delivered. Accounts for transformer efficiency.
Inputs: vPrimary (V, default: 120), vSecondary (V, default: 12), iPrimary (A, default: 0.1), efficiency (%, default: 95)
Outputs: turnsRatio (), iSecondary (A), apparentPower (VA), realPower (W), couplingFactor ()
URL: https://rftools.io/calculators/power/transformer-turns-ratio

### flyback-converter
Flyback Converter Calculator
Calculate flyback converter turns ratio, peak primary and secondary currents, and power levels for isolated DC-DC converter design.
Inputs: vin (V, default: 48), vout (V, default: 12), iout (A, default: 1), efficiency (%, default: 85), fsw (kHz, default: 100), dutyCycle (%, default: 40)
Outputs: turnsRatio (), iinAvg (A), ipPeak (A), isecPeak (A), outputPower (W)
URL: https://rftools.io/calculators/power/flyback-converter

### supercapacitor-backup
Supercapacitor Backup Time Calculator
Calculate supercapacitor backup time, stored energy, and charge time for power backup applications using ultracapacitors.
Inputs: capacitance (F, default: 10), vMax (V, default: 5.5), vMin (V, default: 3), iLoad (mA, default: 100)
Outputs: energy (J), backupTime (s), backupTimeMin (min), chargeTime (s), selfDischarge (%)
URL: https://rftools.io/calculators/power/supercapacitor-backup

### battery-internal-resistance
Battery Internal Resistance Calculator
Calculate battery internal resistance from open-circuit and loaded voltage measurements, determine power loss and maximum short-circuit current.
Inputs: vocv (V, default: 12.6), vLoad (V, default: 11.8), iLoad (A, default: 4), temperature (°C, default: 25)
Outputs: rinternal (mΩ), powerLoss (W), efficiency (%), maxCurrentShort (A)
URL: https://rftools.io/calculators/power/battery-internal-resistance

## signal: Signal Processing Calculators (13)

### filter-designer
Passive RC/LC Filter Designer
Design passive RC and LC Butterworth low-pass, high-pass, and band-pass filters. Calculates component values (C, L), time constant, and attenuation for filter orders 1 through 4.
Inputs: filterType (, default: 0), fc (Hz, default: 1000), order (, default: 2), impedance (Ω, default: 50), qFactor (, default: 1)
Outputs: C1_nF (nF), L1_uH (μH), tau_ns (ns), attenuation_at_2fc (dB), bandwidth_Hz (Hz), fLow_Hz (Hz), fHigh_Hz (Hz)
URL: https://rftools.io/calculators/signal/filter-designer

### sampling-nyquist
Nyquist Sampling Theorem Calculator
Calculate Nyquist sampling rate, oversampling ratio, aliasing frequency, ADC dynamic range, SNR, and data rate. Verify that your sampling rate satisfies the Nyquist criterion and avoid aliasing in your system.
Inputs: signalFreq (Hz, default: 10000), samplingRate (Sa/s, default: 44100), adcBits (bits, default: 16), channels (, default: 1)
Outputs: nyquistRate_Hz (Hz), oversamplingRatio (), aliasFreq_Hz (Hz), dynamicRangeDB (dB), snr_dB (dB), dataRateMbps (Mbps), antiAliasingFC_Hz (Hz)
URL: https://rftools.io/calculators/signal/sampling-nyquist

### snr-calculator
Signal-to-Noise Ratio (SNR) Calculator
Calculate SNR, noise floor, sensitivity, and dynamic range for RF receivers and signal chains
Inputs: bandwidth (MHz, default: 1), noiseFigure (dB, default: 6), signalPower (dBm, default: -60), temperature (K, default: 290)
Outputs: noiseFloor (dBm), snr (dB), sensitivity (dBm), dynamicRange (dB), thermalNoise (dBm)
URL: https://rftools.io/calculators/signal/snr-calculator

### adc-snr
ADC SNR and ENOB Calculator
Calculate analog-to-digital converter signal-to-noise ratio, effective number of bits (ENOB), and SFDR including aperture jitter effects
Inputs: bits (bits, default: 12), inputFreq (MHz, default: 1), samplingFreq (MHz, default: 10), jitter (ps, default: 1)
Outputs: theoreticalSnr (dB), snrWithJitter (dB), enob (bits), sfdr (dBc), noisePower (dBFS)
URL: https://rftools.io/calculators/signal/adc-snr

### fft-bin-resolution
FFT Bin Resolution & Spectral Analysis Calculator
Calculate FFT frequency bin resolution, Nyquist range, time record length, noise floor processing gain, and window scalloping loss
Inputs: sampleRate (kHz, default: 44.1), fftSize (points, default: 1024), windowType (, default: 1)
Outputs: binResolution (Hz), frequencyRange (kHz), timeRecord (ms), noiseFloor (dB), scalloping (dB)
URL: https://rftools.io/calculators/signal/fft-bin-resolution

### johnson-noise
Johnson-Nyquist Thermal Noise Calculator
Calculate thermal noise voltage, noise power, and noise spectral density for resistors using the Johnson-Nyquist noise formula
Inputs: resistance (Ω, default: 50), temperature (°C, default: 25), bandwidth (MHz, default: 1)
Outputs: noiseVoltage (nV), noisePower (dBm), noisePowerDensity (dBm/Hz), noiseCurrentDensity (pA/√Hz)
URL: https://rftools.io/calculators/signal/johnson-noise

### am-modulation-index
AM Modulation Index Calculator
Calculate amplitude modulation index, sidebands, bandwidth, and power efficiency for AM radio signals
Inputs: carrierAmplitude (V, default: 1), messageAmplitude (V, default: 0.5), carrierFreq (kHz, default: 1000), messageFreq (kHz, default: 1)
Outputs: modulationIndex (%), upperSideband (kHz), lowerSideband (kHz), bandwidth (kHz), powerEfficiency (%), sidebandsToCarrier (dB)
URL: https://rftools.io/calculators/signal/am-modulation-index

### fm-modulation-index
FM Modulation Index & Bandwidth Calculator
Calculate FM modulation index, bandwidth using Carson's rule, Bessel bandwidth, and SNR improvement over AM
Inputs: frequencyDeviation (kHz, default: 75), messageFreq (kHz, default: 15), carrierFreq (MHz, default: 100)
Outputs: modulationIndex (), carsonBandwidth (kHz), besselBandwidth (kHz), snrImprovement (dB)
URL: https://rftools.io/calculators/signal/fm-modulation-index

### oversampling-snr
Oversampling & Noise Shaping SNR Calculator
Calculate SNR improvement from oversampling and noise shaping for sigma-delta ADCs, including effective bits gained from higher OSR
Inputs: bits (bits, default: 12), oversamplingRatio (, default: 64), noiseShapingOrder (, default: 1)
Outputs: baseSnr (dB), oversampledSnr (dB), effectiveBits (bits), snrImprovement (dB)
URL: https://rftools.io/calculators/signal/oversampling-snr

### digital-filter-order
Digital Filter Order Calculator
Calculate minimum filter order for Butterworth, Chebyshev, and elliptic (Cauer) low-pass filters given passband ripple and stopband attenuation requirements
Inputs: passbandFreq (Hz, default: 1000), stopbandFreq (Hz, default: 2000), passbandRipple (dB, default: 3), stopbandAttenuation (dB, default: 40)
Outputs: butterworthOrder (), chebyshevOrder (), ellipticOrder (), transitionRatio ()
URL: https://rftools.io/calculators/signal/digital-filter-order

### pll-loop-filter
PLL Loop Filter Designer
Design a type-2 second-order PLL passive loop filter. Calculates time constants, capacitor and resistor values for target loop bandwidth and phase margin.
Inputs: fRef (kHz, default: 100), loopBW (kHz, default: 5), phaseMargin (deg, default: 45), kvco (MHz/V, default: 20), n (, default: 100), icp (μA, default: 500)
Outputs: c1 (nF), r1 (kΩ), c2 (pF), pmActual (°), bwRatio ()
URL: https://rftools.io/calculators/signal/pll-loop-filter

### ber-snr
Bit Error Rate (BER) Calculator
Calculate bit error rate (BER) from Eb/N0 for BPSK, QPSK, 8PSK, and 16QAM digital modulations. Essential for digital communications system design.
Inputs: ebN0dB (dB, default: 10), modulation (, default: 1)
Outputs: ber (), berLog10 (), bitsPerSymbol (bits/symbol)
URL: https://rftools.io/calculators/signal/ber-snr

### quantization-noise
ADC Quantization Noise Calculator
Calculate ADC quantization noise, theoretical SQNR, ENOB, dynamic range, and noise spectral density for analog-to-digital converter design.
Inputs: bits (bits, default: 12), vref (V, default: 3.3), frequency (kHz, default: 1), sampleRate (kHz, default: 100)
Outputs: lsb (mV), sqnr (dB), enob (bits), dynamicRange (dB), noiseDensity (nV/√Hz)
URL: https://rftools.io/calculators/signal/quantization-noise

## antenna: Antenna Design Calculators (8)

### dipole-antenna
Half-Wave Dipole Antenna Calculator
Calculate the physical length, wavelength, gain, radiation resistance, and 50Ω VSWR for a half-wave dipole antenna at any frequency. Supports velocity factor for insulated wire.
Inputs: frequency (MHz, default: 433), velocityFactor (, default: 0.97)
Outputs: halfWaveLength_mm (mm), quarterWaveLength_mm (mm), gainDbi (dBi), inputImpedance_ohm (Ω), feedpointVswr_50 (:1), lambda_m (m)
URL: https://rftools.io/calculators/antenna/dipole-antenna

### patch-antenna
Microstrip Patch Antenna Calculator
Calculate rectangular microstrip patch antenna dimensions (width, length) using the Transmission Line Model. Outputs effective dielectric constant, edge-feed impedance, and nominal gain for common substrates like FR4 and Rogers.
Inputs: frequency (GHz, default: 2.45), dielectricConstant (, default: 4.4), substrateHeight (mm, default: 1.6), feedOffset (mm, default: 0)
Outputs: patchWidth_mm (mm), patchLength_mm (mm), effectiveDielectric (), edgeFeedImpedance_ohm (Ω), gainDbi (dBi)
URL: https://rftools.io/calculators/antenna/patch-antenna

### eirp-calculator
EIRP / ERP Regulatory Calculator
Calculate Effective Isotropic Radiated Power (EIRP) and ERP from transmit power, cable loss, and antenna gain. Check compliance against FCC, ETSI, and ISM-band regulatory limits.
Inputs: txPower_dbm (dBm, default: 20), cableLoss_db (dB, default: 1), antennaGain_dbi (dBi, default: 2.15), regulatoryLimit_dbm (dBm, default: 36)
Outputs: eirp_dbm (dBm), erp_dbm (dBm), eirp_w (W), margin_db (dB), maxPermittedGain_dbi (dBi)
URL: https://rftools.io/calculators/antenna/eirp-calculator

### antenna-beamwidth
Antenna Beamwidth & Gain Calculator
Calculate antenna 3dB beamwidth from gain, aperture efficiency, and frequency for aperture antennas
Inputs: gain (dBi, default: 20), frequency (GHz, default: 10), apertureDiameter (m, default: 0.3), apertureEfficiency (%, default: 55)
Outputs: beamwidthHPBW (°), beamwidthNulls (°), effectiveArea (m²), wavelength (mm), gainFromAperture (dBi)
URL: https://rftools.io/calculators/antenna/antenna-beamwidth

### yagi-antenna
Yagi-Uda Antenna Design Calculator
Calculate Yagi-Uda antenna element dimensions, gain, and impedance for a given frequency and number of elements
Inputs: frequency (MHz, default: 144), numElements (, default: 5), boomLength (m, default: 1)
Outputs: gain (dBi), driverLength (mm), reflectorLength (mm), directorLength (mm), spacing (mm), impedance (Ω)
URL: https://rftools.io/calculators/antenna/yagi-antenna

### horn-antenna
Horn Antenna Gain & Beamwidth Calculator
Calculate pyramidal horn antenna gain, E-plane and H-plane half-power beamwidths, and effective aperture area for microwave applications
Inputs: frequency (GHz, default: 10), apertureWidth (mm, default: 50), apertureHeight (mm, default: 40)
Outputs: gain (dBi), hpbwE (degrees), hpbwH (degrees), effectiveArea (cm²), wavelength (mm)
URL: https://rftools.io/calculators/antenna/horn-antenna

### parabolic-dish-antenna
Parabolic Dish Antenna Calculator
Calculate parabolic dish antenna gain, half-power beamwidth (HPBW), effective aperture area, and noise temperature for satellite and microwave links
Inputs: frequency (GHz, default: 12), diameter (m, default: 1.2), efficiency (%, default: 55)
Outputs: gain (dBi), hpbw (degrees), effectiveArea (m²), noiseTemperature (K)
URL: https://rftools.io/calculators/antenna/parabolic-dish-antenna

### loop-antenna
Loop Antenna Calculator
Calculate small loop antenna radiation resistance, loss resistance, gain, Q factor, and operating bandwidth for HF and VHF applications
Inputs: frequency (MHz, default: 7), diameter (m, default: 1), conductorDiam (mm, default: 10)
Outputs: circumference (m), radiation_resistance (Ω), loss_resistance (Ω), gain (dBi), bandwidth (kHz)
URL: https://rftools.io/calculators/antenna/loop-antenna

## general: General Electronics Calculators (21)

### ohms-law
Ohm's Law Calculator
Calculate voltage, current, resistance, and power using Ohm's Law. Enter any two values to solve for the remaining two quantities.
Inputs: voltage (V, default: 5), current (A, default: -1), resistance (Ω, default: 1000), power (W, default: -1)
Outputs: voltage (V), current (A), resistance (Ω), power (W)
URL: https://rftools.io/calculators/general/ohms-law

### resistor-color-code
Resistor Color Code Calculator
Decode resistor color bands to resistance value and tolerance. Supports 4-band, 5-band, and 6-band resistors. Instant color band to ohms conversion.
Inputs: numBands (, default: 4), band1 (, default: 1), band2 (, default: 0), band3 (, default: 4), multiplier (, default: 2), tolerance (, default: 10)
Outputs: resistance (Ω), tolerance (%), minResistance (Ω), maxResistance (Ω)
URL: https://rftools.io/calculators/general/resistor-color-code

### rc-time-constant
RC Time Constant Calculator
Calculate RC circuit time constant τ, charge time to 63.2% and 99%, and −3dB cutoff frequency. Essential for filter and timing circuit design.
Inputs: resistance (Ω, default: 10000), capacitance (nF, default: 100)
Outputs: tauUs (μs), t63us (μs), t99us (μs), f3db (Hz)
URL: https://rftools.io/calculators/general/rc-time-constant

### series-parallel-resistor
Series / Parallel Resistor, Capacitor & Inductor Calculator
Calculate the equivalent series and parallel combination of up to four resistors, capacitors, or inductors. Also computes the voltage divider ratio for two-resistor networks.
Inputs: r1 (Ω, default: 1000), r2 (Ω, default: 1000), r3 (Ω, default: 0), r4 (Ω, default: 0), componentType (, default: 0)
Outputs: seriesTotal (Ω / nF / μH), parallelTotal (Ω / nF / μH), voltDividerRatio (V/V)
URL: https://rftools.io/calculators/general/series-parallel-resistor

### lc-resonance
LC Resonance Calculator
Calculate the resonant frequency, characteristic impedance, Q factor, and bandwidth of a series or parallel LC tank circuit. Enter inductance, capacitance, and optional series resistance.
Inputs: inductance (μH, default: 10), capacitance (pF, default: 100), resistance (Ω, default: 0), circuitType (, default: 0)
Outputs: f0_MHz (MHz), characteristicImpedance_ohm (Ω), qFactor (), bandwidth_kHz (kHz), wavelength_m (m)
URL: https://rftools.io/calculators/general/lc-resonance

### opamp-gain
Op-Amp Gain & Bandwidth Calculator
Calculate op-amp voltage gain, gain in dB, −3 dB bandwidth, and input impedance for inverting, non-inverting, and differential amplifier configurations.
Inputs: configuration (, default: 1), r1 (kΩ, default: 10), r2 (kΩ, default: 1), gbwProduct (MHz, default: 1), supplyVoltage (V, default: 15)
Outputs: gain (V/V), gainDb (dB), f3db_kHz (kHz), inputImpedance_kohm (kΩ), maxOutputVpp (Vpp)
URL: https://rftools.io/calculators/general/opamp-gain

### wire-gauge
Wire Gauge Calculator (AWG)
Convert between AWG and mm², calculate wire current capacity, resistance, and voltage drop
Inputs: awg (AWG, default: 22), current (A, default: 1), length (m, default: 1), resistivity (Ω·mm²/m, default: 0.01724)
Outputs: diameter (mm), crossSection (mm²), resistance (Ω), voltageDrop (V), currentCapacity (A)
URL: https://rftools.io/calculators/general/wire-gauge

### capacitor-energy
Capacitor Energy & Charge Calculator
Calculate energy stored, charge, and current in capacitors for power supply design
Inputs: capacitance (μF, default: 100), voltage (V, default: 12), chargeTime (ms, default: 10)
Outputs: energy (mJ), charge (mC), avgChargeCurrent (mA), chargePower (mW)
URL: https://rftools.io/calculators/general/capacitor-energy

### zener-diode
Zener Diode Voltage Regulator Calculator
Calculate series resistor, power dissipation, and load current for zener diode voltage regulators
Inputs: inputVoltage (V, default: 12), zenerVoltage (V, default: 5.1), loadCurrent (mA, default: 20), zenerCurrentMin (mA, default: 5), zenerPowerMax (mW, default: 500)
Outputs: seriesResistor (Ω), zenerCurrent (mA), zenerPower (mW), totalCurrent (mA), e24Resistor (Ω)
URL: https://rftools.io/calculators/general/zener-diode

### inductor-energy
Inductor Energy & Time Constant Calculator
Calculate energy stored in an inductor, L/R time constant, and current rise time
Inputs: inductance (μH, default: 100), current (A, default: 1), resistance (Ω, default: 10), targetCurrent (%, default: 63.2)
Outputs: energy (μJ), timeConst (μs), riseTime (μs), peakVoltage (V), saturationCheck (μH·A)
URL: https://rftools.io/calculators/general/inductor-energy

### bjt-bias-point
BJT Transistor Bias Point Calculator
Calculate BJT voltage divider bias Q-point including collector current, base voltage, VCE, power dissipation, and operating region
Inputs: vcc (V, default: 12), r1 (kΩ, default: 10), r2 (kΩ, default: 4.7), rc (kΩ, default: 2.2), re (Ω, default: 470), beta (, default: 100), vbe (V, default: 0.7)
Outputs: vb (V), ve (V), vc (V), ic (mA), ib (μA), vce (V), powerDissipation (mW), operatingRegion ()
URL: https://rftools.io/calculators/general/bjt-bias-point

### mosfet-operating-point
MOSFET Operating Point Calculator
Calculate MOSFET drain current, saturation voltage, transconductance, and operating region (cutoff, triode, saturation) for NMOS transistors
Inputs: vgs (V, default: 5), vth (V, default: 2), kn (mA/V², default: 100), vds (V, default: 10), vdd (V, default: 12), rdLoad (kΩ, default: 1)
Outputs: id (mA), vdsSat (V), powerDissipation (mW), gm (mA/V), region ()
URL: https://rftools.io/calculators/general/mosfet-operating-point

### comparator-hysteresis
Comparator Hysteresis (Schmitt Trigger) Calculator
Calculate comparator hysteresis trip points for Schmitt trigger circuits, upper and lower threshold voltages, and design resistor values for a desired hysteresis percentage
Inputs: vref (V, default: 2.5), supplyVoltage (V, default: 5), r1 (kΩ, default: 10), r2 (kΩ, default: 100), hystPercent (%, default: 5)
Outputs: vTrip_high (V), vTrip_low (V), hysteresis (mV), r1Calc (kΩ), r2Calc (kΩ)
URL: https://rftools.io/calculators/general/comparator-hysteresis

### 555-timer
555 Timer Calculator (Astable & Monostable)
Calculate 555 timer frequency, period, duty cycle, and pulse width for both astable oscillator and monostable one-shot configurations
Inputs: mode (, default: 0), ra (kΩ, default: 10), rb (kΩ, default: 10), c (μF, default: 0.1), vcc (V, default: 5)
Outputs: frequency (Hz), period (ms), pulseWidth (ms), dutyCycle (%), highTime (ms), lowTime (ms)
URL: https://rftools.io/calculators/general/555-timer

### transistor-switch
BJT Transistor Switch Calculator
Calculate BJT transistor switch parameters including load current, required base current, base resistor value, saturation check, and power dissipation
Inputs: vcc (V, default: 5), loadResistor (Ω, default: 100), inputVoltage (V, default: 3.3), beta (, default: 100), vbe (V, default: 0.7), vce_sat (V, default: 0.2), overdriveFactor (×, default: 5)
Outputs: loadCurrent (mA), ib_required (μA), rb (kΩ), ib_actual (μA), powerDissipation (mW), switchingState ()
URL: https://rftools.io/calculators/general/transistor-switch

### current-mirror
Current Mirror Calculator
Calculate current mirror output current, beta error, reference resistor, power consumption, and Widlar mirror resistor for analog IC and bias circuit design
Inputs: refCurrent (mA, default: 1), ratio (×, default: 2), vcc (V, default: 5), beta (, default: 100), vt (mV, default: 26)
Outputs: outputCurrent (mA), refResistor (kΩ), powerRef (mW), error (%), widlarResistor (kΩ)
URL: https://rftools.io/calculators/general/current-mirror

### schmitt-trigger
Schmitt Trigger Calculator
Calculate non-inverting Schmitt trigger threshold voltages and hysteresis band for comparator circuits with positive feedback.
Inputs: vcc (V, default: 5), r1 (kΩ, default: 10), r2 (kΩ, default: 10), r3 (kΩ, default: 100)
Outputs: vth_high (V), vth_low (V), hysteresis (V), centerVoltage (V)
URL: https://rftools.io/calculators/general/schmitt-trigger

### crystal-load-capacitance
Crystal Load Capacitance Calculator
Calculate actual load capacitance seen by a crystal oscillator, estimate frequency error from spec, and find recommended external capacitor values.
Inputs: cl (pF, default: 18), cstray (pF, default: 3), c1 (pF, default: 22), c2 (pF, default: 22)
Outputs: clActual (pF), clError (pF), freqError (ppm), c_recommended (pF)
URL: https://rftools.io/calculators/general/crystal-load-capacitance

### opamp-bandwidth
Op-Amp Closed-Loop Bandwidth Calculator
Calculate op-amp closed-loop -3dB bandwidth from the gain-bandwidth product (GBW), determine rise time, and verify phase margin.
Inputs: gbw (MHz, default: 1), gain (V/V, default: 10), phase_margin (°, default: 45)
Outputs: bandwidth (kHz), riseTime (μs), slewLimited (), gainDb (dB)
URL: https://rftools.io/calculators/general/opamp-bandwidth

### lm317-resistors
LM317 Resistor Calculator
Calculate R2 resistor value for LM317/LM338 adjustable voltage regulator output voltage, with actual Vout and resistor power dissipation.
Inputs: vout (V, default: 5), r1 (Ω, default: 240), iadj (μA, default: 50)
Outputs: r2 (Ω), voutActual (V), powerR1 (mW), powerR2 (mW)
URL: https://rftools.io/calculators/general/lm317-resistors

### voltage-regulator-dropout
LDO Dropout Voltage Calculator
Calculate LDO minimum input voltage from dropout specification, determine power dissipation, and estimate efficiency at a given supply voltage.
Inputs: vout (V, default: 3.3), iload (mA, default: 500), vdropout (mV, default: 300), rds_on (mΩ, default: 0), vin (V, default: 5)
Outputs: vinMin (V), vinRec (V), powerDiss (mW), efficiency (%)
URL: https://rftools.io/calculators/general/voltage-regulator-dropout

## motor: Motor Control Calculators (18)

### dc-motor-speed
DC Motor Speed Calculator
Calculate DC motor speed, torque, power, and efficiency from electrical parameters
Inputs: voltage (V, default: 12), resistance (Ω, default: 0.5), backEmfConst (V/RPM, default: 0.01), torqueConst (N·m/A, default: 0.1), loadTorque (N·m, default: 0.1), efficiency (%, default: 85)
Outputs: noLoadSpeed (RPM), loadSpeed (RPM), current (A), outputPower (W), inputPower (W), torque (N·m), efficiencyPct (%)
URL: https://rftools.io/calculators/motor/dc-motor-speed

### stepper-motor
Stepper Motor Calculator
Calculate stepper motor speed, step frequency, and travel per revolution
Inputs: stepsPerRev (steps, default: 200), microstepping (, default: 16), targetRPM (RPM, default: 60), leadScrewPitch (mm/rev, default: 2)
Outputs: stepFrequency (Hz), effectiveSteps (steps), linearSpeed (mm/s), stepAngle (°)
URL: https://rftools.io/calculators/motor/stepper-motor

### bldc-motor
BLDC Motor Performance Calculator
Calculate brushless DC motor no-load RPM, stall torque, maximum efficiency, input power, and propeller thrust from Kv rating and electrical parameters
Inputs: kvRating (RPM/V, default: 1000), voltage (V, default: 12), motorResistance (mΩ, default: 50), noLoadCurrent (A, default: 0.5), propDiameter (inch, default: 5)
Outputs: noLoadRpm (RPM), stallTorque (Nm), maxEfficiency (%), inputPower (W), thrust (g)
URL: https://rftools.io/calculators/motor/bldc-motor

### servo-motor
Servo Motor Torque & Speed
Calculate servo motor torque, speed, efficiency, and back-EMF from electrical and load parameters.
Inputs: voltage (V, default: 5), current (A, default: 0.5), speed (RPM, default: 500), loadTorque (N·m, default: 0.05), armRes (Ω, default: 2)
Outputs: inputPower (W), outputPower (W), efficiency (%), backEmf (V), stallTorque (N·m)
URL: https://rftools.io/calculators/motor/servo-motor

### gear-ratio
Gear Ratio Calculator
Calculate gear ratio, output speed, torque multiplication, and power transmission efficiency for gear trains.
Inputs: driverTeeth (teeth, default: 10), drivenTeeth (teeth, default: 40), inputSpeed (RPM, default: 1000), inputTorque (N·m, default: 0.5), efficiency (%, default: 95)
Outputs: gearRatio (:1), outputSpeed (RPM), outputTorque (N·m), inputPower (W), outputPower (W)
URL: https://rftools.io/calculators/motor/gear-ratio

### pwm-duty-cycle-motor
PWM Duty Cycle to Motor Voltage
Convert PWM duty cycle to effective motor voltage, calculate no-load speed and stall current for DC motor PWM control.
Inputs: supplyVoltage (V, default: 12), dutyCycle (%, default: 75), motorKv (RPM/V, default: 100), motorResistance (Ω, default: 1.5)
Outputs: effectiveVoltage (V), noLoadSpeed (RPM), stallCurrent (A), peakPower (W), rippleVoltageFactor (V)
URL: https://rftools.io/calculators/motor/pwm-duty-cycle-motor

### torque-unit-converter
Torque Unit Converter
Convert torque between Newton-metres, pound-feet, pound-inches, oz·in, kg·cm and dyne·cm — covers all motor datasheet units.
Inputs: nm (N·m, default: 1)
Outputs: lbFt (lb·ft), lbIn (lb·in), ozIn (oz·in), kgCm (kg·cm), kgM (kg·m), dyneCm (dyn·cm)
URL: https://rftools.io/calculators/motor/torque-unit-converter

### motor-efficiency
Motor Input/Output Efficiency
Calculate motor efficiency, power losses, and heat dissipation from electrical input and mechanical output measurements.
Inputs: inputVoltage (V, default: 12), inputCurrent (A, default: 2), outputPowerW (W, default: 18)
Outputs: inputPower (W), efficiency (%), losses (W), heatDissipation (W)
URL: https://rftools.io/calculators/motor/motor-efficiency

### induction-motor-slip
Induction Motor Slip
Calculate induction motor slip, synchronous speed, slip frequency, and rotor speed for AC induction motors.
Inputs: frequency (Hz, default: 60), poles (, default: 4), rotorSpeed (RPM, default: 1750), syncSpeed (RPM, default: 0)
Outputs: effectiveSyncSpeed (RPM), slipPercent (%), slipRPM (RPM), slipFrequency (Hz)
URL: https://rftools.io/calculators/motor/induction-motor-slip

### motor-inrush-current
Motor Inrush Current
Calculate motor inrush current, voltage drop during startup, and I²t value for fuse/breaker selection.
Inputs: ratedCurrent (A, default: 5), inrushMultiplier (×, default: 6), startupDuration (s, default: 0.1), supplyVoltage (V, default: 120), lineResistance (Ω, default: 0.5)
Outputs: inrushCurrent (A), voltageDropAtInrush (V), voltageDropPercent (%), fuseISquaredT (A²s), peakPower (W)
URL: https://rftools.io/calculators/motor/motor-inrush-current

### motor-heat-dissipation
Motor Heat Dissipation
Calculate motor heat dissipation, temperature rise, and operating temperature from input power and efficiency.
Inputs: inputPower (W, default: 50), efficiency (%, default: 80), ambientTemp (°C, default: 25), thermalResistance (°C/W, default: 2.5)
Outputs: losses (W), tempRise (°C), motorTemp (°C), outputPower (W)
URL: https://rftools.io/calculators/motor/motor-heat-dissipation

### encoder-resolution
Encoder Resolution Calculator
Calculate encoder counts per revolution, angular resolution, and maximum frequency for quadrature and single-channel encoders.
Inputs: ppr (pulses, default: 1000), quadrature (, default: 1), gearRatio (:1, default: 1), motorMaxRpm (RPM, default: 3000)
Outputs: countsMechanicalRev (counts), countsPerOutputRev (counts), degreePerCount (°/count), maxFrequency (Hz)
URL: https://rftools.io/calculators/motor/encoder-resolution

### motor-starting-torque
Motor Starting Torque
Calculate DC motor starting (stall) torque, stall current, no-load speed, and peak power at startup.
Inputs: voltage (V, default: 12), resistance (Ω, default: 0.5), torqueConst (N·m/A, default: 0.05), backEmfConst (V/RPM, default: 0.01)
Outputs: startingTorque (N·m), stallCurrent (A), noLoadSpeed (RPM), powerAtStall (W)
URL: https://rftools.io/calculators/motor/motor-starting-torque

### battery-runtime-motor
Battery Runtime (Motor Load)
Calculate battery runtime for motor-driven systems accounting for motor current draw, efficiency, and depth of discharge.
Inputs: batteryCapacityMah (mAh, default: 2000), batteryVoltage (V, default: 3.7), motorCurrentA (A, default: 0.5), efficiency (%, default: 85), depthOfDischarge (%, default: 80)
Outputs: runtimeHours (h), runtimeMinutes (min), usableCapacityMah (mAh), energyWh (Wh)
URL: https://rftools.io/calculators/motor/battery-runtime-motor

### motor-winding-resistance
Winding Resistance vs Temperature
Calculate motor winding resistance at operating temperature using the copper temperature coefficient of resistance.
Inputs: resistance25 (Ω, default: 1), temperature (°C, default: 80), tempCoeff (/°C, default: 0.00393)
Outputs: resistanceAtTemp (Ω), resistanceChange (Ω), resistanceChangePercent (%)
URL: https://rftools.io/calculators/motor/motor-winding-resistance

### h-bridge-selection
H-Bridge MOSFET Selection
Calculate H-bridge MOSFET requirements including peak current, conduction losses, and minimum current rating for DC motor drivers.
Inputs: motorCurrent (A, default: 2), motorVoltage (V, default: 12), inrushMultiplier (×, default: 6), pwmFrequency (Hz, default: 20000), mosfetRdson (Ω, default: 0.01)
Outputs: peakCurrent (A), mosfetCurrentRating (A), conductionLoss (W), switchingLoss (W), totalLoss (W)
URL: https://rftools.io/calculators/motor/h-bridge-selection

### motor-driver-power
Motor Driver Power Dissipation
Calculate motor driver IC or discrete MOSFET power dissipation including conduction loss and switching loss at a given PWM frequency.
Inputs: motorCurrent (A, default: 2), supplyVoltage (V, default: 12), rdson (Ω, default: 0.015), dutyCycle (%, default: 75), switchingFreq (Hz, default: 20000), gateCharge (nC, default: 30)
Outputs: conductionLoss (W), switchingLoss (W), totalLossPerFet (W), totalLossBridge (W), efficiency (%)
URL: https://rftools.io/calculators/motor/motor-driver-power

### pid-tuning
PID Controller Tuning (Ziegler-Nichols)
Calculate PID controller gains using the Ziegler-Nichols open-loop (reaction curve) method from process gain, dead time, and time constant.
Inputs: processGain (, default: 1.5), deadTime (s, default: 0.1), timeConstant (s, default: 1)
Outputs: kpPID (), kiPID (1/s), kdPID (s), kpPI (), tiPI (s)
URL: https://rftools.io/calculators/motor/pid-tuning

## protocol: Communications Calculators (10)

### uart-baud-rate
UART Baud Rate & Frame Timing Calculator
Calculate UART frame timing, throughput, and USART BRR register divisor from baud rate, data format, and MCU clock frequency. Identify baud rate error for reliable serial communication.
Inputs: baudRate (bps, default: 115200), dataBits (bits, default: 8), stopBits (bits, default: 1), parity (bits, default: 0), clockFreq (MHz, default: 16)
Outputs: frameBits (bits), bitPeriod_us (µs), framePeriod_us (µs), framesPerSecond (fps), throughputKbps (kbps), brrDivisor (), actualBaudRate (bps), baudRateError_pct (%)
URL: https://rftools.io/calculators/protocol/uart-baud-rate

### i2c-pullup
I2C Pull-Up Resistor Calculator
Calculate I2C pull-up resistor values for Standard (100 kHz), Fast (400 kHz), and Fast-Plus (1 MHz) modes. Derives minimum, maximum, and recommended resistance from supply voltage and bus capacitance per NXP UM10204.
Inputs: vdd (V, default: 3.3), speedMode (, default: 1), busCap (pF, default: 100), numDevices (, default: 2)
Outputs: R_max_ohm (Ω), R_min_ohm (Ω), R_recommended_ohm (Ω), current_ma (mA), powerPerLine_mw (mW), riseTimeTarget_ns (ns)
URL: https://rftools.io/calculators/protocol/i2c-pullup

### spi-timing
SPI Timing & Signal Integrity Calculator
Calculate SPI bus timing parameters including bit period, frame time, maximum clock frequency limited by trace capacitance, and signal slew rate
Inputs: clockFreq (MHz, default: 10), dataWidth (bits, default: 8), traceCapacitance (pF, default: 20), driveStrength (mA, default: 4)
Outputs: bitPeriod (ns), framePeriod (μs), maxFreqCapacitive (MHz), slewRate (V/ns), dataRate (Mbps)
URL: https://rftools.io/calculators/protocol/spi-timing

### can-bus-timing
CAN Bus Bit Timing Calculator
Calculate CAN bus bit timing parameters including prescaler, time quanta, sync segment, propagation segment, and phase buffer segments for a given baud rate and sample point
Inputs: clockFreq (MHz, default: 48), baudRate (kbps, default: 500), samplePoint (%, default: 87.5)
Outputs: tq (ns), nominalBitTime (tq), syncSeg (tq), propSeg (tq), phase1 (tq), phase2 (tq), prescaler ()
URL: https://rftools.io/calculators/protocol/can-bus-timing

### usb-termination
USB Termination & Signal Integrity Calculator
Calculate USB bus termination resistor values, differential impedance, cable propagation delay, signal rise time, and eye opening for USB 2.0 and USB 3.0
Inputs: usbVersion (, default: 0), lineImpedance (Ω, default: 90), cableLength (m, default: 2)
Outputs: terminationResistor (Ω), differentialImpedance (Ω), propagationDelay (ns), signalRiseTime (ps), eyeOpening (%)
URL: https://rftools.io/calculators/protocol/usb-termination

### rs485-termination
RS-485 Termination & Bias Resistor Calculator
Calculate RS-485 bus termination resistors, bias resistors, maximum baud rate for cable length, propagation delay, and bias current consumption
Inputs: baudRate (kbps, default: 115.2), cableLength (m, default: 100), numNodes (, default: 10), supplyVoltage (V, default: 5)
Outputs: terminationResistor (Ω), biasResistor (Ω), maxBaudRate (kbps), propagationDelay (ns), loadCurrent (mA)
URL: https://rftools.io/calculators/protocol/rs485-termination

### i2s-timing
I2S Audio Interface Timing Calculator
Calculate I2S bit clock (BCLK), word clock (LRCLK/WCLK), and data rate for audio interfaces at any sample rate, bit depth, and channel count.
Inputs: sampleRate (kHz, default: 44.1), bitDepth (bits, default: 24), channels (, default: 2)
Outputs: bclk (MHz), wclk (kHz), bclkPeriod (ns), dataRate (Mbps)
URL: https://rftools.io/calculators/protocol/i2s-timing

### lin-bus-timing
LIN Bus Timing Calculator
Calculate LIN bus bit time, break field length, frame time, and maximum frame rate for automotive LIN network design.
Inputs: baudRate (kbps, default: 19.2), dataBytes (bytes, default: 8)
Outputs: bitTime (μs), breakLength (μs), frameTime (μs), framesPerSec (frames/s), busLoad (%)
URL: https://rftools.io/calculators/protocol/lin-bus-timing

### modbus-frame-timing
Modbus RTU Frame Timing Calculator
Calculate Modbus RTU character time, 3.5-character inter-frame gap, total frame duration, and maximum frame rate.
Inputs: baudRate (bps, default: 9600), dataBytes (bytes, default: 8), parityBits (bits, default: 1), stopBits (bits, default: 1)
Outputs: charTime (ms), t35 (ms), frameTime (ms), maxFrameRate (frames/s)
URL: https://rftools.io/calculators/protocol/modbus-frame-timing

### ethernet-cable
Ethernet Cable Length & Attenuation Calculator
Calculate Ethernet cable attenuation, maximum cable length, and pass/fail for Cat5e, Cat6, Cat6a, and Cat8 at 100Mbps, 1Gbps, and 10Gbps.
Inputs: cableType (, default: 2), length (m, default: 50), speed (, default: 2)
Outputs: attenuation (dB), maxLength (m), headroom (m), passOrFail ()
URL: https://rftools.io/calculators/protocol/ethernet-cable

## emc: EMC/EMI Calculators (16)

### shielding-effectiveness
Shielding Effectiveness Calculator
Calculate electromagnetic shielding effectiveness of conductive enclosures
Inputs: frequency (MHz, default: 1000), thickness (mm, default: 1), conductivity (MS/m, default: 59.6), permeability (, default: 1)
Outputs: absorptionLoss (dB), reflectionLoss (dB), totalSE (dB), skinDepth (μm), thicknessVsSkin ()
URL: https://rftools.io/calculators/emc/shielding-effectiveness

### ferrite-bead
Ferrite Bead Filter Calculator
Calculate ferrite bead filter effectiveness, impedance at frequency, and insertion loss for EMI suppression
Inputs: impedance100MHz (Ω, default: 600), dcResistance (Ω, default: 0.3), loadImpedance (Ω, default: 50), frequency (MHz, default: 100)
Outputs: beadImpedance (Ω), insertionLoss (dB), voltageDivider (%), dcVoltageDrop (mV/A)
URL: https://rftools.io/calculators/emc/ferrite-bead

### emi-filter-lc
LC EMI Filter Design Calculator
Design an LC low-pass EMI filter for conducted emissions suppression — calculate inductance, capacitance, filter order, and attenuation at the stop band.
Inputs: fc (kHz, default: 150), attenuationNeeded (dB, default: 40), zSource (Ω, default: 50), zLoad (Ω, default: 50)
Outputs: inductance (μH), capacitance (μF), filterOrder (), actualAttenuation (dB), impedanceMatching (Ω)
URL: https://rftools.io/calculators/emc/emi-filter-lc

### esd-tvs-diode
ESD TVS Diode Selection Calculator
Calculate TVS diode clamping voltage, breakdown voltage, peak pulse current, and power rating for ESD protection circuit design.
Inputs: vwm (V, default: 5), esd_level (, default: 2), clampMultiplier (, default: 1.3)
Outputs: vclamp (V), vBR (V), ipp (A), ppwr (W), energy (mJ)
URL: https://rftools.io/calculators/emc/esd-tvs-diode

### common-mode-choke
Common Mode Choke Impedance
Calculate common mode choke impedance, insertion loss, and Q factor at a given frequency for EMC filter design.
Inputs: inductance (μH, default: 1000), frequency (Hz, default: 150000), dcr (Ω, default: 0.5)
Outputs: impedance (Ω), attenuation (dB), qualityFactor ()
URL: https://rftools.io/calculators/emc/common-mode-choke

### decoupling-capacitor-emc
Decoupling Capacitor EMC Selection
Calculate decoupling capacitor impedance at frequency and self-resonant frequency for EMC power supply decoupling.
Inputs: capacitance (nF, default: 100), esr (Ω, default: 0.05), frequency (kHz, default: 100), packageInductance (nH, default: 1)
Outputs: xc (Ω), impedance (Ω), srf (MHz)
URL: https://rftools.io/calculators/emc/decoupling-capacitor-emc

### esd-clamp-selection
ESD Clamp Diode Selection
Calculate ESD clamp diode peak current, power dissipation, and clamping ratio to verify protection for IEC 61000-4-2 compliance.
Inputs: esdVoltage (V, default: 4000), clampVoltage (V, default: 15), lineImpedance (Ω, default: 330)
Outputs: peakCurrent (A), clampPower (W), voltageMargin (V), clampingRatio ()
URL: https://rftools.io/calculators/emc/esd-clamp-selection

### radiated-emission-estimate
Radiated Emission Estimate
Estimate far-field radiated emissions from a PCB current loop using the small-loop antenna model. Compare against CISPR 22/FCC Class B limits.
Inputs: current (mA, default: 10), loopArea (cm², default: 1), frequency (MHz, default: 100), distance (m, default: 3)
Outputs: eFieldDbuvM (dBμV/m), margin (dB)
URL: https://rftools.io/calculators/emc/radiated-emission-estimate

### ground-plane-impedance
Ground Plane Impedance vs Frequency
Calculate PCB ground plane AC impedance, skin depth, and inductive reactance at high frequencies for EMC analysis.
Inputs: length (mm, default: 100), width (mm, default: 50), thickness (μm, default: 35), frequency (MHz, default: 10), conductivity (MS/m, default: 58)
Outputs: dcResistance (mΩ), skinDepth (μm), acResistance (mΩ), inductance (nH), totalImpedance (mΩ)
URL: https://rftools.io/calculators/emc/ground-plane-impedance

### pcb-crosstalk-emc
PCB Trace Crosstalk (EMC)
Estimate PCB trace crosstalk (capacitive and inductive coupling) for EMC pre-compliance analysis.
Inputs: aggressorVoltage (V, default: 3.3), mutualCapacitance (pF, default: 20), mutualInductance (nH, default: 10), frequency (MHz, default: 100), lineImpedance (Ω, default: 50)
Outputs: capacitiveCoupling (mV), inductiveCoupling (mV), totalCrosstalk (mV), crosstalkDb (dB)
URL: https://rftools.io/calculators/emc/pcb-crosstalk-emc

### power-supply-ripple-filter
Power Supply Ripple Filter
Calculate LC filter attenuation and output ripple voltage for power supply EMC filtering. Find the resonant frequency and ripple rejection.
Inputs: inputRipple (mV, default: 100), frequency (kHz, default: 100), inductance (μH, default: 10), capacitance (μF, default: 10)
Outputs: resonantFreq (kHz), attenuation (dB), outputRipple (mV)
URL: https://rftools.io/calculators/emc/power-supply-ripple-filter

### cable-shield-effectiveness
Cable Shield Effectiveness
Calculate coaxial cable or shielded cable shield effectiveness (shielding factor) vs frequency using the transfer impedance model.
Inputs: shieldResistance (mΩ/m, default: 10), cableLength (m, default: 2), frequency (MHz, default: 10)
Outputs: shieldingEffectDb (dB), transferImpedance (mΩ)
URL: https://rftools.io/calculators/emc/cable-shield-effectiveness

### chassis-resonance
Chassis Resonant Frequency
Calculate the lowest resonant frequency of a metallic enclosure (cavity resonator) to identify potential EMC problems.
Inputs: length (cm, default: 30), width (cm, default: 20), height (cm, default: 10)
Outputs: fLowest (MHz), f101MHz (MHz), f110MHz (MHz), wavelengthAtResonance (cm)
URL: https://rftools.io/calculators/emc/chassis-resonance

### emi-margin-budget
EMI Margin Budget
Calculate EMI compliance margin accounting for measurement uncertainty and safety margin to predict pre-compliance test pass/fail.
Inputs: measuredLevel (dBμV/m, default: 30), limitLevel (dBμV/m, default: 40), measurementUncertainty (dB, default: 6), safetyMargin (dB, default: 6)
Outputs: rawMargin (dB), adjustedMargin (dB), requiredReduction (dB)
URL: https://rftools.io/calculators/emc/emi-margin-budget

### conducted-emissions-filter
Conducted Emissions LC Filter
Design an LC filter to meet CISPR 22/FCC conducted emissions limits by calculating required L and C values for a target attenuation.
Inputs: emissionLevel (dBμV, default: 80), frequency (kHz, default: 150), targetAttenuation (dB, default: 20), loadImpedance (Ω, default: 50)
Outputs: requiredF0 (kHz), cValue (μF), lValue (μH), outputLevel (dBμV)
URL: https://rftools.io/calculators/emc/conducted-emissions-filter

### differential-mode-filter
Differential Mode EMI Filter
Design a differential mode LC EMI filter: calculate corner frequency, attenuation, and characteristic impedance for SMPS output filtering.
Inputs: inductance (μH, default: 47), capacitance (μF, default: 0.47), frequency (kHz, default: 150)
Outputs: cornerFreq (kHz), attenuation (dB), characteristicImpedance (Ω)
URL: https://rftools.io/calculators/emc/differential-mode-filter

## thermal: Thermal Management Calculators (6)

### heatsink-calculator
Heatsink Calculator
Calculate required heatsink thermal resistance and junction temperature for power devices
Inputs: powerDissipation (W, default: 5), maxJunctionTemp (°C, default: 125), ambientTemp (°C, default: 25), thetaJC (°C/W, default: 2), thetaCS (°C/W, default: 0.5)
Outputs: thetaSA_required (°C/W), junctionTemp (°C), thetaJA_total (°C/W), tempRise (°C)
URL: https://rftools.io/calculators/thermal/heatsink-calculator

### pcb-trace-temp
PCB Trace Temperature Rise
Calculate PCB copper trace temperature rise under load current using IPC-2152
Inputs: current (A, default: 3), traceWidth (mm, default: 2), copperWeight (oz, default: 1), ambientTemp (°C, default: 25), traceLength (mm, default: 100)
Outputs: tempRise (°C), maxTemp (°C), traceResistance (mΩ), powerDissipated (mW), currentCapacity (A)
URL: https://rftools.io/calculators/thermal/pcb-trace-temp

### thermal-resistance-network
Thermal Resistance Network Calculator
Calculate junction, case, and heatsink temperatures through a series thermal resistance network (θJC + θCS + θSA) for component thermal management
Inputs: powerDissipation (W, default: 5), thetaJC (°C/W, default: 2), thetaCS (°C/W, default: 0.5), thetaSA (°C/W, default: 10), ambientTemp (°C, default: 25)
Outputs: junctionTemp (°C), caseTemp (°C), heatsinkTemp (°C), totalThetaJA (°C/W), thermalMargin (°C)
URL: https://rftools.io/calculators/thermal/thermal-resistance-network

### junction-temperature
Junction Temperature Calculator
Calculate semiconductor junction temperature from power dissipation and thermal resistance chain (θJC + θCS + θSA). Essential for transistor, MOSFET, and IC thermal design.
Inputs: pd (W, default: 1), ta (°C, default: 25), thetaJC (°C/W, default: 5), thetaCS (°C/W, default: 0.5), thetaSA (°C/W, default: 10)
Outputs: thetaJA (°C/W), tj (°C), tc (°C), ts (°C), margin (°C)
URL: https://rftools.io/calculators/thermal/junction-temperature

### heatsink-selection
Heatsink Selection Calculator
Calculate the required heatsink thermal resistance (θSA) to keep a device junction below its maximum temperature. Use this to select an appropriate heatsink.
Inputs: pd (W, default: 5), ta (°C, default: 40), tjMax (°C, default: 125), thetaJC (°C/W, default: 3), thetaCS (°C/W, default: 0.5)
Outputs: thetaSARequired (°C/W), tjActual (°C), deltaTJ (°C)
URL: https://rftools.io/calculators/thermal/heatsink-selection

### thermal-via-array
Thermal Via Array Calculator
Calculate thermal resistance of a PCB thermal via array for heat spreading from SMD packages to inner copper planes or heatsinks.
Inputs: numVias (vias, default: 9), viaDiameter (mm, default: 0.3), platingThickness (μm, default: 25), pcbThickness (mm, default: 1.6), copperThermal (W/m·K, default: 385), drillFill (, default: 0)
Outputs: thetaPerVia (°C/W), thetaArray (°C/W), effectiveConductance (W/°C)
URL: https://rftools.io/calculators/thermal/thermal-via-array

## sensor: Sensor Interface Calculators (17)

### ntc-thermistor
NTC Thermistor Temperature Calculator
Calculate temperature from NTC thermistor resistance using the Steinhart-Hart beta equation. Useful for PT100/PT1000 and generic NTC thermistors.
Inputs: resistance (Ω, default: 10000), beta (K, default: 3950), T0 (°C, default: 25), R0 (Ω, default: 10000)
Outputs: temperature (°C), temperatureK (K)
URL: https://rftools.io/calculators/sensor/ntc-thermistor

### rtd-temperature
RTD Temperature Calculator (PT100/PT1000)
Calculate temperature from PT100 or PT1000 RTD (Resistance Temperature Detector) measured resistance using the linear Callendar-Van Dusen approximation.
Inputs: resistance (Ω, default: 119.4), r0 (Ω, default: 100), alpha (°C⁻¹, default: 0.003851)
Outputs: temperature (°C), resistanceAt100C (Ω)
URL: https://rftools.io/calculators/sensor/rtd-temperature

### wheatstone-bridge
Wheatstone Bridge Calculator
Calculate Wheatstone bridge output voltage, balance condition, and sensitivity. Used for strain gauges, RTDs, and precision resistance measurements.
Inputs: vin (V, default: 5), r1 (Ω, default: 1000), r2 (Ω, default: 1000), r3 (Ω, default: 1000), r4 (Ω, default: 1000)
Outputs: vout (V), voutMv (mV), balance (), sensitivity (mV/V)
URL: https://rftools.io/calculators/sensor/wheatstone-bridge

### hall-effect-sensor
Hall Effect Sensor Calculator
Calculate Hall voltage, Hall coefficient, and sensitivity for Hall effect sensors. Useful for magnetic field measurement, current sensing, and position detection.
Inputs: current (mA, default: 100), Bfield (mT, default: 100), thickness (mm, default: 0.5), carrierDensity (×10²³/m³, default: 8.5)
Outputs: hallVoltage (mV), hallCoefficient (m³/C), sensitivity (mV/mT)
URL: https://rftools.io/calculators/sensor/hall-effect-sensor

### strain-gauge-bridge
Strain Gauge Bridge Calculator
Calculate Wheatstone bridge output voltage for strain gauges. Supports quarter, half, and full bridge configurations for structural monitoring and load cell design.
Inputs: vin (V, default: 5), gaugeFactor (, default: 2.1), strain (με, default: 1000), bridgeConfig (active arms, default: 1)
Outputs: vout (mV), resistance_change (%), strain_SI (m/m)
URL: https://rftools.io/calculators/sensor/strain-gauge-bridge

### pt100-resistance
PT100/PT1000 Resistance vs Temperature
Calculate PT100 or PT1000 RTD resistance at any temperature using the ITS-90 Callendar-Van Dusen equation.
Inputs: r0 (Ω, default: 100), temperature (°C, default: 25)
Outputs: resistance (Ω), sensitivityOhmPerDeg (Ω/°C)
URL: https://rftools.io/calculators/sensor/pt100-resistance

### thermocouple-voltage
Thermocouple Voltage & Temperature
Calculate thermocouple EMF voltage from hot junction temperature and cold junction compensation for Type K, J, T, and E thermocouples.
Inputs: type (, default: 0), temperature (°C, default: 200), coldJunctionTemp (°C, default: 25)
Outputs: voltage (μV), coldJunctionCorrection (μV), seebeck (μV/°C), deltaT (°C)
URL: https://rftools.io/calculators/sensor/thermocouple-voltage

### load-cell-amplifier
Load Cell Amplifier Gain
Calculate load cell output voltage, required amplifier gain, and sensitivity for Wheatstone bridge load cells.
Inputs: excitationVoltage (V, default: 5), sensitivity (mV/V, default: 2), fullScaleLoad (kg, default: 10), gain (V/V, default: 500)
Outputs: fullScaleOutputMv (mV), amplifiedOutput (V), sensitivityPerUnit (mV/kg), requiredGain (V/V)
URL: https://rftools.io/calculators/sensor/load-cell-amplifier

### photodiode-transimpedance
Photodiode Transimpedance Amplifier
Calculate transimpedance amplifier (TIA) output voltage, bandwidth, and noise for photodiode signal conditioning.
Inputs: photocurrent (μA, default: 10), feedbackResistance (kΩ, default: 100), feedbackCapacitance (pF, default: 10)
Outputs: outputVoltageV (mV), bandwidth (kHz), noiseVoltage (nV/√Hz)
URL: https://rftools.io/calculators/sensor/photodiode-transimpedance

### capacitive-proximity
Capacitive Proximity Sensor
Calculate capacitance between sensor plate and target, and sensitivity (pF/mm) for capacitive proximity sensor design.
Inputs: plateArea (cm², default: 1), gapDistance (mm, default: 5), permittivity (, default: 1)
Outputs: capacitancePf (pF), sensitivity (pF/mm)
URL: https://rftools.io/calculators/sensor/capacitive-proximity

### current-shunt
Current Shunt Resistor
Calculate shunt resistor voltage drop, amplifier output, power dissipation, and ADC resolution for current sensing.
Inputs: current (A, default: 10), shuntResistance (mΩ, default: 10), amplifierGain (V/V, default: 50), adcVoltage (V, default: 3.3)
Outputs: shuntVoltage (mV), amplifiedVoltage (V), powerDissipation (mW), adcResolutionCurrent (mA/LSB)
URL: https://rftools.io/calculators/sensor/current-shunt

### accelerometer-sensitivity
Accelerometer Range & Sensitivity
Calculate accelerometer output voltage, ADC resolution, and mg per LSB from sensitivity and full-scale range specifications.
Inputs: sensitivity (mV/g, default: 300), fullScaleRange (g, default: 3), supplyVoltage (V, default: 3.3), adcBits (bits, default: 12)
Outputs: fullScaleVoltage (mV), voltagePerCount (mV), accelerationMgPerCount (mg)
URL: https://rftools.io/calculators/sensor/accelerometer-sensitivity

### pressure-bridge-output
Pressure Sensor Bridge Output
Calculate Wheatstone bridge output voltage for piezoresistive pressure sensors from excitation, sensitivity, and applied pressure.
Inputs: excitationVoltage (V, default: 5), bridgeSensitivity (mV/V, default: 10), appliedPressure (kPa, default: 50), fullScalePressure (kPa, default: 100)
Outputs: bridgeOutputMv (mV), fullScaleOutput (mV), fractionalDeflection (%)
URL: https://rftools.io/calculators/sensor/pressure-bridge-output

### sensor-accuracy-budget
Sensor Accuracy Budget
Calculate total sensor system accuracy using RSS and worst-case methods from offset, gain, nonlinearity, resolution, and temperature drift errors.
Inputs: offsetError (% FS, default: 0.1), gainError (% FS, default: 0.2), nonlinearity (% FS, default: 0.1), resolution (% FS, default: 0.05), tempDrift (% FS/°C, default: 0.005), tempRange (°C, default: 40)
Outputs: tempError (% FS), totalRss (% FS), totalWorstCase (% FS)
URL: https://rftools.io/calculators/sensor/sensor-accuracy-budget

### optical-sensor-range
Optical Proximity Sensor Range
Compare optical proximity sensor configurations using a relative detection factor derived from emitter power, detector responsivity, and target reflectivity. The output is dimensionless — use it to rank or compare configurations, not as an absolute distance.
Inputs: emitterPower (mW, default: 10), detectorSensitivity (A/W, default: 0.6), targetReflectivity (%, default: 90), safetyFactor (, default: 1.5)
Outputs: maxRange (), normalizedRange ()
URL: https://rftools.io/calculators/sensor/optical-sensor-range

### lvdt-sensitivity
LVDT Sensitivity & Range
Calculate LVDT (Linear Variable Differential Transformer) output voltage, sensitivity in mV/mm, and linear range from excitation and stroke.
Inputs: excitationVoltage (V, default: 5), sensitivity (mV/V/%FS, default: 4), coreDisplacement (mm, default: 5), fullScaleRange (mm, default: 25)
Outputs: outputVoltage (mV), fullScaleOutput (mV), sensitivityMvMm (mV/mm), linearRange (mm)
URL: https://rftools.io/calculators/sensor/lvdt-sensitivity

### 4-20ma-transmitter
4–20 mA Loop Transmitter
Calculate 4–20 mA current loop voltage budget, sensor value from current, and maximum loop resistance for industrial sensor transmitters.
Inputs: supplyVoltage (V, default: 24), loopCurrent (mA, default: 12), loopResistance (Ω, default: 250), sensorRangeMin (, default: 0), sensorRangeMax (, default: 100)
Outputs: sensorValue (eng units), voltageAtLoad (V), availableVoltage (V), maxLoopResistance (Ω)
URL: https://rftools.io/calculators/sensor/4-20ma-transmitter

## unit-conversion: Unit Conversion Calculators (17)

### frequency-wavelength
Frequency to Wavelength Converter
Convert frequency to wavelength in any medium. Calculates full, half, and quarter wavelengths for antenna design, transmission line, and RF system planning.
Inputs: frequency (MHz, default: 2400), velocityFactor (, default: 1)
Outputs: wavelength (m), wavelengthCm (cm), wavelengthMm (mm), halfWave (m), quarterWave (m)
URL: https://rftools.io/calculators/unit-conversion/frequency-wavelength

### dbm-watts
dBm to Watts Power Converter
Convert RF power between dBm, Watts, milliwatts, dBW, dBμV, and RMS volts into 50Ω. Essential for link budgets, amplifier analysis, and RF system design.
Inputs: dbm (dBm, default: 0)
Outputs: watts (W), milliwatts (mW), dBW (dBW), dBuV (dBμV), volts (V)
URL: https://rftools.io/calculators/unit-conversion/dbm-watts

### temperature-converter
Temperature Unit Converter
Convert temperature between Celsius, Fahrenheit, Kelvin, Rankine, and Réaumur scales. Useful for thermal analysis, datasheet comparison, and engineering calculations.
Inputs: celsius (°C, default: 25)
Outputs: fahrenheit (°F), kelvin (K), rankine (°R), reaumur (°Ré)
URL: https://rftools.io/calculators/unit-conversion/temperature-converter

### awg-wire
AWG Wire Gauge Calculator
Convert AWG wire gauge to diameter (mm/inches), cross-sectional area (mm²), resistance per meter, and approximate current carrying capacity.
Inputs: awg (AWG, default: 24)
Outputs: diameterMm (mm), diameterIn (in), areaMm2 (mm²), resistance20C (mΩ/m), currentCapacity (A)
URL: https://rftools.io/calculators/unit-conversion/awg-wire

### capacitor-code
Capacitor Code Decoder
Decode 3-digit capacitor code (e.g., 104 = 100nF) to capacitance in pF, nF, and μF. Works with ceramic, film, and tantalum capacitor markings.
Inputs: code (, default: 104)
Outputs: picofarads (pF), nanofarads (nF), microfarads (μF), voltageCode (V)
URL: https://rftools.io/calculators/unit-conversion/capacitor-code

### inductance-units
Inductance Unit Converter
Convert inductance between henries, millihenries, microhenries, nanohenries, and picohenries.
Inputs: henry (H, default: 0.000001)
Outputs: millihenry (mH), microhenry (μH), nanohenry (nH), picohenry (pH)
URL: https://rftools.io/calculators/unit-conversion/inductance-units

### capacitance-units
Capacitance Unit Converter
Convert capacitance between farads, millifarads, microfarads, nanofarads, and picofarads.
Inputs: farad (F, default: 1e-7)
Outputs: millifarad (mF), microfarad (μF), nanofarad (nF), picofarad (pF)
URL: https://rftools.io/calculators/unit-conversion/capacitance-units

### resistance-units
Resistance Unit Converter
Convert resistance between milliohms, ohms, kilohms, megaohms, and gigaohms.
Inputs: ohm (Ω, default: 1000)
Outputs: milliohm (mΩ), kilohm (kΩ), megaohm (MΩ), gigaohm (GΩ)
URL: https://rftools.io/calculators/unit-conversion/resistance-units

### current-units
Current Unit Converter
Convert electric current between amperes, milliamperes, microamperes, nanoamperes, and picoamperes.
Inputs: ampere (A, default: 0.01)
Outputs: milliampere (mA), microampere (μA), nanoampere (nA), picoampere (pA)
URL: https://rftools.io/calculators/unit-conversion/current-units

### voltage-units
Voltage Unit Converter
Convert voltage between microvolts, millivolts, volts, kilovolts, and megavolts.
Inputs: volt (V, default: 1)
Outputs: microvolt (μV), millivolt (mV), kilovolt (kV), megavolt (MV)
URL: https://rftools.io/calculators/unit-conversion/voltage-units

### time-units
Time Unit Converter
Convert time between seconds, milliseconds, microseconds, nanoseconds, picoseconds, and femtoseconds for digital and RF applications.
Inputs: second (s, default: 0.000001)
Outputs: millisecond (ms), microsecond (μs), nanosecond (ns), picosecond (ps), femtosecond (fs)
URL: https://rftools.io/calculators/unit-conversion/time-units

### magnetic-flux-units
Magnetic Flux Density Converter
Convert magnetic flux density between Tesla, milliTesla, microTesla, Gauss, and nanoTesla for sensor and motor applications.
Inputs: tesla (T, default: 0.001)
Outputs: millitesla (mT), microtesla (μT), nanotesla (nT), gauss (G)
URL: https://rftools.io/calculators/unit-conversion/magnetic-flux-units

### data-rate-units
Data Rate Unit Converter
Convert data rates between bits per second (bps), kbps, Mbps, Gbps, and bytes per second.
Inputs: bps (bps, default: 1000000)
Outputs: kbps (kbps), mbps (Mbps), gbps (Gbps), bytesPerSecond (B/s), kBps (kB/s), mBps (MB/s)
URL: https://rftools.io/calculators/unit-conversion/data-rate-units

### angle-units
Angle Unit Converter
Convert angles between degrees, radians, gradians, arcminutes, arcseconds, and turns for motor, antenna, and RF applications.
Inputs: degree (°, default: 90)
Outputs: radian (rad), gradian (grad), arcminute ('), arcsecond ("), turn (rev)
URL: https://rftools.io/calculators/unit-conversion/angle-units

### energy-units
Energy Unit Converter
Convert energy between joules, millijoules, electron-volts, kilowatt-hours, calories, and BTU.
Inputs: joule (J, default: 1)
Outputs: millijoule (mJ), microjoule (μJ), electronvolt (eV), kwh (kWh), calorie (cal), btu (BTU)
URL: https://rftools.io/calculators/unit-conversion/energy-units

### torque-units
Torque Unit Converter (N·m/lb·ft/oz·in)
Convert torque between Newton-metres, pound-feet, pound-inches, oz·in, kg·cm, kg·m, and dyne·cm.
Inputs: nm (N·m, default: 1)
Outputs: lbFt (lb·ft), lbIn (lb·in), ozIn (oz·in), kgCm (kg·cm), kgM (kg·m), dyneCm (dyn·cm)
URL: https://rftools.io/calculators/unit-conversion/torque-units

### illuminance-units
Illuminance Unit Converter
Convert illuminance between lux, foot-candles, millilux, kilolux, and phot for ambient light sensor and LED design.
Inputs: lux (lux, default: 500)
Outputs: footcandle (fc), millilux (mlux), kilolux (klux), phot (ph)
URL: https://rftools.io/calculators/unit-conversion/illuminance-units

## audio: Audio Electronics Calculators (17)

### audio-power-amplifier
Audio Power Amplifier Calculator
Calculate audio amplifier output power, efficiency, THD class estimate, SNR, and input sensitivity for Class A, AB, and D amplifiers.
Inputs: vcc (V, default: 12), rl (Ω, default: 8), efficiency (%, default: 70), gain (dB, default: 26)
Outputs: poutMax (W), poutRMS (W), thd_level (%), snr (dB), inputSensitivity (mV)
URL: https://rftools.io/calculators/audio/audio-power-amplifier

### speaker-crossover
Passive Speaker Crossover Calculator
Calculate passive 2-way speaker crossover component values for 1st order (6dB/oct) and 2nd order Butterworth (12dB/oct) networks.
Inputs: crossoverFreq (Hz, default: 3000), wooferImpedance (Ω, default: 8), tweeterImpedance (Ω, default: 8), order (, default: 2)
Outputs: wooferL (mH), wooferC (μF), tweeterC (μF), tweeterL (mH), slopeDb (dB/oct)
URL: https://rftools.io/calculators/audio/speaker-crossover

### room-modes
Room Acoustic Modes
Calculate room axial resonant frequencies and Schroeder frequency for acoustic treatment and speaker placement.
Inputs: length (m, default: 5), width (m, default: 3.5), height (m, default: 2.5), speedOfSound (m/s, default: 343), rt60 (s, default: 0.4)
Outputs: flLength (Hz), flWidth (Hz), flHeight (Hz), schroeder (Hz), volume (m³)
URL: https://rftools.io/calculators/audio/room-modes

### speaker-sensitivity
Speaker Sensitivity & SPL
Calculate speaker SPL at any power and distance from the rated sensitivity (dB/W/m) specification.
Inputs: sensitivity (dB/W/m, default: 89), power (W, default: 50), distance (m, default: 3)
Outputs: splAtPower (dB), splAtDistance (dB)
URL: https://rftools.io/calculators/audio/speaker-sensitivity

### headphone-power
Headphone Amplifier Power
Calculate the amplifier output power, voltage, and current required to drive headphones to a target SPL.
Inputs: impedance (Ω, default: 300), sensitivity (dB/mW, default: 100), targetSpl (dB, default: 110)
Outputs: requiredPowerMw (mW), requiredPowerW (W), requiredVoltageRms (V), requiredCurrentMa (mA)
URL: https://rftools.io/calculators/audio/headphone-power

### audio-snr
Audio SNR & Dynamic Range
Calculate audio signal-to-noise ratio, dynamic range, and equivalent noise bits from signal and noise floor levels.
Inputs: signalLevel (dBV, default: 0), noiseFloor (dBV, default: -90)
Outputs: snr (dB), dynamicRange (dB), snrLinear (:1), noiseBits (bits)
URL: https://rftools.io/calculators/audio/audio-snr

### op-amp-slew-rate
Op-Amp Slew Rate & Full-Power Bandwidth
Calculate op-amp full-power bandwidth from slew rate and signal amplitude, and verify the op-amp can handle your signal without slew-rate distortion.
Inputs: slewRate (V/μs, default: 13), amplitude (V, default: 5), frequency (Hz, default: 20000)
Outputs: fullPowerBandwidth (Hz), minSlewRateRequired (V/μs), slewMargin (V/μs)
URL: https://rftools.io/calculators/audio/op-amp-slew-rate

### audio-transformer
Audio Transformer Turns Ratio
Calculate audio transformer turns ratio for impedance matching between source and load, plus secondary voltage and current.
Inputs: primaryImpedance (Ω, default: 600), secondaryImpedance (Ω, default: 8), primaryVoltage (V, default: 1), primaryCurrent (A, default: 0.001)
Outputs: turnsRatio (:1), secondaryVoltage (V), secondaryCurrent (A), powerTransferred (W)
URL: https://rftools.io/calculators/audio/audio-transformer

### cable-capacitance-rolloff
Cable Capacitance High-Frequency Rolloff
Calculate the high-frequency rolloff (-3 dB point) caused by cable capacitance interacting with source impedance.
Inputs: sourceImpedance (Ω, default: 10000), cableCapacitancePf (pF/m, default: 100), cableLengthM (m, default: 5)
Outputs: totalCapacitancePf (pF), cutoffFrequency (Hz), rolloffAt20k (dB)
URL: https://rftools.io/calculators/audio/cable-capacitance-rolloff

### subwoofer-box
Subwoofer Enclosure Volume
Calculate optimal subwoofer box (sealed and ported) volume and port tuning frequency from Thiele-Small parameters (Vas, Qts, Fs).
Inputs: vas (L, default: 50), qts (, default: 0.35), fs (Hz, default: 35)
Outputs: vbSealed (L), vbVented (L), portTuning (Hz), f3Sealed (Hz)
URL: https://rftools.io/calculators/audio/subwoofer-box

### tweeter-capacitor
Tweeter Protection Capacitor
Calculate the capacitor value for a first-order tweeter high-pass filter to protect tweeters from low-frequency damage.
Inputs: tweetImpedance (Ω, default: 8), crossoverFreq (Hz, default: 3000)
Outputs: capacitanceMicroF (μF), reactanceAt1k (Ω), rolloffAt100Hz (dB)
URL: https://rftools.io/calculators/audio/tweeter-capacitor

### class-d-efficiency
Class D Amplifier Efficiency
Estimate Class D amplifier efficiency from MOSFET conduction losses and quiescent current at a given output power.
Inputs: outputPower (W, default: 50), supplyVoltage (V, default: 36), loadImpedance (Ω, default: 8), rdson (mΩ, default: 50), mosfetCount (, default: 4), quiescentCurrent (mA, default: 30)
Outputs: efficiency (%), conductionLoss (W), quiescentLoss (W), totalLoss (W), totalInput (W)
URL: https://rftools.io/calculators/audio/class-d-efficiency

### audio-adc-snr
ADC Bit Depth to Dynamic Range
Calculate the theoretical SNR and dynamic range of an audio ADC from its bit depth, and the improvement from oversampling.
Inputs: bitDepth (bits, default: 24), oversamplingRatio (×, default: 1)
Outputs: theoreticalSnr (dB), oversamplingGain (dB), totalSnr (dB), dynamicRange (dB)
URL: https://rftools.io/calculators/audio/audio-adc-snr

### equalizer-q-factor
Equalizer Filter Q & Bandwidth
Calculate equalizer Q factor from center frequency and bandwidth, or convert between Q, octaves, and frequency limits.
Inputs: centerFreq (Hz, default: 1000), bandwidth (Hz, default: 200)
Outputs: qFactor (), octaves (octaves), lowerFreq (Hz), upperFreq (Hz)
URL: https://rftools.io/calculators/audio/equalizer-q-factor

### amplifier-clipping
Amplifier Clipping Level
Calculate amplifier clipping voltage, power, and dBV level from supply voltage and load impedance.
Inputs: supplyVoltage (V, default: 36), loadImpedance (Ω, default: 8), headroom (%, default: 100)
Outputs: maxOutputVoltage (V), rmsVoltage (V), clippingPower (W), clippingLevel (dBV)
URL: https://rftools.io/calculators/audio/amplifier-clipping

### audio-delay-time
Audio Delay & Echo Time Calculator
Calculate musically-synced delay times from BPM and note value, plus acoustic propagation delay from speaker distance.
Inputs: bpm (bpm, default: 120), noteValue (, default: 4), distance (m, default: 10), speedOfSound (m/s, default: 343)
Outputs: beatMs (ms), noteDelayMs (ms), propagationMs (ms)
URL: https://rftools.io/calculators/audio/audio-delay-time

### power-amplifier-gain
Power Amplifier Gain Calculator
Calculate power amplifier voltage gain (V/V and dB) and power gain from input/output voltage and power measurements.
Inputs: inputVoltage (V, default: 1), outputVoltage (V, default: 28), inputPower (mW, default: 0.1), outputPower (W, default: 100)
Outputs: voltageGain (V/V), voltageGainDb (dB), powerGain (W/W), powerGainDb (dB)
URL: https://rftools.io/calculators/audio/power-amplifier-gain