Metodologia e referências
Cada fórmula e cada simulação do rftools.io remonta a um livro-texto, um artigo do IEEE, uma recomendação da ITU-R ou uma biblioteca de referência de código aberto. Esta página lista as citações das ferramentas e calculadoras em que a metodologia mais importa.
Padrão editorial
- As fórmulas de RF, antenas e micro-ondas são validadas com base em Pozar — Microwave Engineering (4th ed.), Razavi — RF Microelectronics e nas recomendações pertinentes do IEEE / da ITU-R.
- Quando existe uma implementação de referência de código aberto (scikit-rf, ITU-Rpy, openEMS, DEAP), comparamos nossos resultados com ela: veja os selos “Powered by” nas páginas de cada ferramenta.
- As constantes físicas usam os valores exatos do SI de 2019: c = 299.792.458 m/s, k = 1,380649 × 10⁻²³ J/K, e = 1,602176634 × 10⁻¹⁹ C.
- Evitamos números mágicos fixos no código: cada fórmula pode ser auditada no código-fonte aberto da calculadora, em TypeScript / Python.
Bibliotecas citadas com as quais nos alinhamos
- scikit-rf — kit de ferramentas de RF/micro-ondas de código aberto, artigo na IEEE MTT-S Microwave Magazine, mais de 7.200 downloads semanais no PyPI.
- ITU-Rpy — implementação de referência dos modelos de propagação da ITU-R (P.453, P.530, P.618, P.676, P.838, P.839, P.840, P.837, P.1144), validada com os próprios vetores de teste da ITU.
- openEMS — simulador eletromagnético FDTD de código aberto usado pela ferramenta FDTD de linhas de transmissão.
- DEAP — framework de algoritmos evolutivos que move o otimizador de componentes magnéticos NSGA-II.
Ferramentas de simulação com metodologia completa
Sintetizador de correspondência de impedância de banda larga
Powered by scikit-rf
- Microwave Engineering, 4th ed. — David M. Pozar (2011), Chapter 5 — Impedance Matching and Tuning
- Network Analysis and Feedback Amplifier Design — Hendrik Bode (1945) — Bode-Fano bandwidth limit
- HF Filter Design and Computer Simulation — Randall W. Rhea (1994)
Simulador de antena de fio (NEC-2)
Powered by NEC-2 (PyNEC)DEAP
- Numerical Electromagnetics Code (NEC) — Method of Moments — G. J. Burke and A. J. Poggio, Naval Ocean Systems Center TD 116 (1981)
- Antenna Theory: Analysis and Design, 4th ed. — Constantine A. Balanis (2016)
- Three-Element Yagi Models: Standards of Comparison — L. B. Cebik, W4RNL
- A Fast and Elitist Multiobjective Genetic Algorithm: NSGA-II — K. Deb, A. Pratap, S. Agarwal and T. Meyarivan, IEEE Trans. Evolutionary Computation 6(2), 2002
- Frequency-Domain Characterization of Power Distribution Networks — István Novak and Jason R. Miller, Artech House (2007)
- Power Integrity Modeling and Design for Semiconductors and Systems — Madhavan Swaminathan and A. Ege Engin, Prentice Hall (2007)
Orçamento de links terrestres e de satélites
Aligned with ITU-Rpy
- ITU-R P.618-13 — Propagation data and prediction methods required for the design of Earth-space telecommunication systems
- ITU-R P.676-12 — Attenuation by atmospheric gases (Annex 2, slant paths)
- ITU-R P.840-8 — Attenuation due to clouds and fog
- ITU-R P.838-3 — Specific attenuation model for rain for use in prediction methods
- ITU-R P.530-17 — Propagation data and prediction methods required for the design of terrestrial line-of-sight systems
- ITU-R P.837-7, P.839-4, P.836-6, P.1510-1, P.1511-1 — Rain rate, rain height, water vapour, surface temperature and topography digital maps
Analisador de orçamento RF Cascade
Matches scikit-rf cascade
- Noise Figures of Radio Receivers — Harald T. Friis, Proc. IRE 32(7), pp. 419–422 (1944)
- Microwave Engineering, 4th ed. — David M. Pozar (2011), Chapter 10 — Noise and Nonlinear Distortion
- RF Microelectronics, 2nd ed. — Behzad Razavi (2011), Chapter 2 — Cascaded Noise and Intercept Points
- IEEE Std 182-1989 — IEEE Standard for Measurement of Amplifier Noise Figure
Calculadoras com metodologia completa
- Transmission Line Design Handbook — Brian C. Wadell, Artech House (1991), Chapter 3 — Microstrip
- Microwave Engineering, 4th ed. — David M. Pozar (2011), Chapter 3.8 — Microstrip and effective permittivity
- A Note on a Simple Transmission Formula — Harald T. Friis, Proc. IRE 34(5), pp. 254–256 (1946)
- ITU-R P.525-4 — Calculation of free-space attenuation
- ITU-R P.618-13 — Rain and atmospheric attenuation for Earth-space links
- Microwave Engineering, 4th ed. — David M. Pozar (2011), Chapter 14 — Wireless Communication Systems
- Microwave Engineering, 4th ed. — David M. Pozar (2011), Chapter 2.3 — Reflection coefficient and VSWR
- Fundamentals of RF and Microwave Transistor Amplifiers — Inder J. Bahl (2009), Chapter 2 — S-parameters and VSWR
- Microwave Engineering, 4th ed. — David M. Pozar (2011), Chapter 1 — dBm and power units
- RF Circuit Design Theory and Applications — Reinhold Ludwig & Pavel Bretchko (2000), Chapter 2 — Power and gain definitions
- Noise Figures of Radio Receivers — Harald T. Friis, Proc. IRE 32(7), pp. 419–422 (1944)
- Microwave Engineering, 4th ed. — David M. Pozar (2011), Chapter 10
- RF Microelectronics, 2nd ed. — Behzad Razavi (2011), Chapter 2
- IEEE Std 182-1989 — IEEE Standard for Measurement of Amplifier Noise Figure
- Microwave Engineering, 4th ed. — David M. Pozar (2011), Chapter 1.6 — Skin depth and surface resistance
- Classical Electrodynamics, 3rd ed. — John D. Jackson (1999), Chapter 5 — Skin effect in conductors
- Microwave Engineering, 4th ed. — David M. Pozar (2011), Chapter 1.3 — Wavelength and wave velocity
- ITU Radio Regulations — International Telecommunication Union (2020), Article 2 — Frequency and wavelength definitions
- Microwave Engineering, 4th ed. — David M. Pozar (2011), §3.5 — Coaxial line
- Transmission Line Design Handbook — Brian C. Wadell, Artech House (1991), Chapter 3
- Microwave Engineering, 4th ed. — David M. Pozar (2011), Chapter 3.4 — Coaxial line loss
- LMR Flexible Low Loss Communications Coax datasheets — Times Microwave Systems — "Calculate Attenuation = (k₁)·√FMHz + (k₂)·FMHz", dB/100 ft, VSWR 1.0, +25 °C
- Technical data sheets 8240, 9258, 8267, 8216, 9913, 83284 and 1694A — Belden — nominal attenuation tables, dB/100 ft
- HELIAX LDF4-50A and LDF5-50A product specifications — CommScope (Andrew) — attenuation at 20 °C, VSWR 1.0
- ETSI EN 300 220-1 V3.1.1 — Short Range Devices (SRD) — ISM band coexistence (2017)
- FCC Part 15 — Unlicensed ISM Devices — Federal Communications Commission (47 CFR Part 15)
- Microwave Engineering, 4th ed. — David M. Pozar (2011), Chapter 7.5 — Resistive attenuators
- Matthaei, Young & Jones — Microwave Filters, Impedance-Matching Networks — Artech House (1980), Appendix B
- Transmission Line Calculator — Phillip H. Smith, Electronics 12(1), pp. 29–31 (1939)
- Microwave Engineering, 4th ed. — David M. Pozar (2011), Chapter 2.4 — The Smith Chart
- Electronic Applications of the Smith Chart, 2nd ed. — Phillip H. Smith (1995)
- IPC-TM-650 2.5.4.1A, Conductor Temperature Rise Due to Current Changes in Conductors — IPC, Rev. A, August 1997: the test board, still air and copper resistivity the model is validated under
- Trace Currents and Temperatures Revisited — D. Brooks and J. Adam, UltraCAD, April 2015 (edit of 20 July 2015): Eq. 3-2 and the internal fits to IPC-2152's test data, the binding anchors
- The Value of IPC-2152 — M. R. Jouppi, IPC APEX 2010: Figure 11, the plane coefficients the model reproduces within 0.057
- Determining Circuit Board Current Carrying Capability — J. Olson, 2010: the copper-weight multipliers the model reproduces within 0.026, and the board-thickness modifier it disagrees with
- Thermal Management of Boards and Current-Carrying Capacity of Traces — J. Adam, Bodo's Power Systems, October 2011, pp. 40–42: a Euro-board case, recorded for information
- Thermal Conductivity of Printed Wiring Boards — J. E. Graebner, Electronics Cooling 1(2), October 1995; and K. Azar and J. E. Graebner, SEMI-THERM XII (1996), pp. 169–182: FR-4's in-plane and through-plane conductivity
- Fundamentals of Heat and Mass Transfer — F. P. Incropera, D. P. DeWitt et al., 6th ed., eqs. 9.30–9.32 (after McAdams) and Table A.4: the horizontal-plate convection and the air's properties
- Antenna Theory: Analysis and Design, 4th ed. — Constantine A. Balanis (2016), Chapter 4 — Dipole antenna radiation resistance and gain
- Antenna Theory and Design, 3rd ed. — Warren L. Stutzman & Gary A. Thiele (2012), Chapter 3 — Wire antenna analysis
- Antenna Theory: Analysis and Design, 4th ed. — Constantine A. Balanis (2016), Chapter 14 — Microstrip patch antenna transmission-line model
- Antenna Theory: Analysis and Design, 4th ed. — Constantine A. Balanis (2016), §14.2.1, Eq. (14-20a) and Fig. 14.11 — resonant input resistance of an inset (recessed) feed, R_in(y₀) = R_in(0)·cos²(πy₀/L)
- Microstrip Antenna Design Handbook — R. Garg, P. Bhartia, I. Bahl & A. Ittipiboon, Artech House (2001), Chapter 3 — Patch dimensions
- ITU-R BS.705-1 — HF transmitting antennas — characteristics and diagrams (EIRP definitions)
- Antenna Theory: Analysis and Design, 4th ed. — Constantine A. Balanis (2016), Chapter 2 — EIRP, ERP, and radiation intensity
- IPC-TM-650 2.5.4.1A, Conductor Temperature Rise Due to Current Changes in Conductors — IPC, Rev. A, August 1997: the test board, still air and copper resistivity the model is validated under
- Trace Currents and Temperatures Revisited — D. Brooks and J. Adam, UltraCAD, April 2015 (edit of 20 July 2015): Eq. 3-2 and the internal fits to IPC-2152's test data, the binding anchors
- The Value of IPC-2152 — M. R. Jouppi, IPC APEX 2010: Figure 11, the plane coefficients the model reproduces within 0.057
- Determining Circuit Board Current Carrying Capability — J. Olson, 2010: the copper-weight multipliers the model reproduces within 0.026, and the board-thickness modifier it disagrees with
- Thermal Management of Boards and Current-Carrying Capacity of Traces — J. Adam, Bodo's Power Systems, October 2011, pp. 40–42: a Euro-board case, recorded for information
- Thermal Conductivity of Printed Wiring Boards — J. E. Graebner, Electronics Cooling 1(2), October 1995; and K. Azar and J. E. Graebner, SEMI-THERM XII (1996), pp. 169–182: FR-4's in-plane and through-plane conductivity
- Fundamentals of Heat and Mass Transfer — F. P. Incropera, D. P. DeWitt et al., 6th ed., eqs. 9.30–9.32 (after McAdams) and Table A.4: the horizontal-plate convection and the air's properties
- Microwave Engineering, 4th ed. — David M. Pozar (2011), Chapter 6.1 — Quality factor and resonator loss
- RF Circuit Design Theory and Applications — Reinhold Ludwig & Pavel Bretchko (2000), Chapter 4 — Q factor definitions
- Microwave Engineering, 4th ed. — David M. Pozar (2011), Chapter 3.3 — Rectangular waveguide modes and cutoff
- Time-Harmonic Electromagnetic Fields — Roger F. Harrington (2001), Chapter 8 — Waveguide theory
- Antenna Theory: Analysis and Design, 4th ed. — Constantine A. Balanis (2016), Chapter 2 — Directivity, gain, and half-power beamwidth
- Antenna Theory and Design, 3rd ed. — Warren L. Stutzman & Gary A. Thiele (2012), Chapter 2 — Aperture antenna beamwidth
- ITU-R P.525-4 — Calculation of free-space attenuation
- A Note on a Simple Transmission Formula — Harald T. Friis, Proc. IRE 34(5), pp. 254–256 (1946)
- Microwave Engineering, 4th ed. — David M. Pozar (2011), Chapter 14.1
- Introduction to Radar Systems, 3rd ed. — Merrill I. Skolnik (2001), Chapter 1 — The Nature of Radar
- Principles of Modern Radar: Basic Principles — Mark A. Richards, James A. Scheer, William A. Holm (2010)
- Radar Handbook, 3rd ed. — Merrill I. Skolnik, editor (2008)
- A closed-form approximation to Robertson's detection characteristics — Walter J. Albersheim, Proc. IEEE 69(7), 1981, p. 839
- RF Power Amplifiers for Wireless Communications, 2nd ed. — Steve C. Cripps (2006), Chapter 2 — Efficiency definitions
- Microwave Engineering, 4th ed. — David M. Pozar (2011), Chapter 12 — Power amplifier gain and PAE
- RF Microelectronics, 2nd ed. — Behzad Razavi (2011), Chapter 2, section 2.2 — Effects of nonlinearity
- Nonlinear Microwave and RF Circuits, 2nd ed. — Stephen A. Maas (2003), Chapter 3 — Intermodulation and IP3
- RF Circuit Design — Peter Vizmuller (1995), Chapter 3 — IIP3 and OIP3
- A Simple Model of Feedback Oscillator Noise Spectrum — D. B. Leeson, Proc. IEEE 54(2), pp. 329–330 (1966)
- Oscillator Design and Computer Simulation — Randall W. Rhea, SciTech Publishing (1995), Chapter 3 — Phase noise and jitter conversion
- A Simple Model of Feedback Oscillator Noise Spectrum — D. B. Leeson, Proc. IEEE 54(2), pp. 329–330 (1966)
- Microwave Oscillator Design — Alexander Chenakin, Artech House (2012), Chapter 6 — Vibration-induced phase noise
- Microwave Engineering, 4th ed. — David M. Pozar (2011), Chapter 5.3 — Return loss and mismatch error
- Applying Error Correction to Network Analyzer Measurements — Keysight Application Note AN 1287-3 (2002)
- MT-002: What the Nyquist Criterion Means to Your Sampled Data System Design — Walt Kester, Analog Devices, Rev. A (10/08): Nyquist zones of width f_s/2 and images at |±K·f_s ± f_a|, pp. 5-6 (Figure 5); undersampling, p. 9 (Figure 8); zone centring f_s = 4f_c/(2NZ − 1), p. 10 (Eq. 6)
- Antenna Theory: Analysis and Design, 4th ed. — Constantine A. Balanis (2016), Chapter 10 — Yagi-Uda array design
- Antenna Theory and Design, 3rd ed. — Warren L. Stutzman & Gary A. Thiele (2012), Chapter 5 — Yagi-Uda element spacing and gain
- Antenna Theory: Analysis and Design, 4th ed. — Constantine A. Balanis (2016), Chapter 13 — Aperture antennas and horn gain
- Antenna Theory and Design, 3rd ed. — Warren L. Stutzman & Gary A. Thiele (2012), Chapter 8 — Horn antenna beamwidth
- Antenna Theory: Analysis and Design, 4th ed. — Constantine A. Balanis (2016), Chapter 15 — Reflector antennas and parabolic dish gain
- Antenna Theory and Design, 3rd ed. — Warren L. Stutzman & Gary A. Thiele (2012), Chapter 9 — Parabolic reflector efficiency and directivity
- Antenna Theory: Analysis and Design, 4th ed. — Constantine A. Balanis (2016), Chapter 5 — Small and large loop antennas
- Antenna Theory and Design, 3rd ed. — Warren L. Stutzman & Gary A. Thiele (2012), Chapter 4 — Loop antenna radiation resistance
- Antennas for All Applications, 3rd ed. — John D. Kraus & Ronald J. Marhefka (2002), ch. 8 — Helical antennas, axial mode
- Antenna Theory: Analysis and Design, 4th ed. — Constantine A. Balanis (2016), §10.3.1 — Helical antenna, axial-mode design equations
- Characteristics of 1 to 8 wavelength uniform helical antennas — H. E. King & J. L. Wong, IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag., AP-28(2), pp. 291–296 (1980) — Kraus's gain formula overestimates measured gain
- Antenna Theory: Analysis and Design, 4th ed. — Constantine A. Balanis (2016), §4.5 finite dipole, §4.7 ground effects and image theory, §8.5 induced-EMF self-impedance
- Antenna Theory and Design, 3rd ed. — Warren L. Stutzman & Gary A. Thiele (2012), ch. 3 — monopoles and image theory
- NIST Handbook of Mathematical Functions — F. W. J. Olver et al. (eds.), NIST and Cambridge University Press (2010), §6.2 and §6.6 — sine and cosine integrals (online as DLMF ch. 6)
- Study on channel model for frequencies from 0.5 to 100 GHz — 3GPP TR 38.901 V17.0.0 (2022-03), §7.3, Table 7.3-1 — radiation power pattern of a single antenna element
- Propagation by diffraction — Recommendation ITU-R P.526-15 (10/2019), §3.2 Eq. (21) and §4.4 Eq. (44) — line-of-sight distance and elevation over an effective Earth
- Effects of tropospheric refraction on radiowave propagation — Recommendation ITU-R P.834-9 (12/2017), §2 — effective Earth radius, k = 4/3
- ITU-R P.526-15 — Propagation by diffraction — Fresnel zone clearance
- Microwave Engineering, 4th ed. — David M. Pozar (2011), Chapter 14 — Fresnel zones and path clearance
- Propagation by diffraction — Recommendation ITU-R P.526-15 (10/2019), §2.1 Eq. (2), §3.2 Eqs. (21)–(22), §4.4 — Fresnel radius, line-of-sight distance, ray clearance, a_e = k × 6371 km
- Propagation data and prediction methods required for the design of terrestrial line-of-sight systems — Recommendation ITU-R P.530-17 (12/2017), §2.2.2 — planning criteria for path clearance
- Effects of tropospheric refraction on radiowave propagation — Recommendation ITU-R P.834-9 (12/2017), §2 — effective Earth radius, k = 4/3
- Microwave Engineering, 4th ed. — David M. Pozar (2012), §7.3, pp. 328–333 — the Wilkinson divider, Example 7.2, and the unequal-split design Eqs. (7.37a)–(7.37c)
- An N-Way Hybrid Power Divider — E. J. Wilkinson, IRE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques, vol. MTT-8, pp. 116–118, January 1960
- Microwave Engineering, 4th ed. — David M. Pozar (2012), §7.1, Eqs. (7.20)–(7.21), pp. 322–323 — coupling, directivity, isolation; §7.6, Eqs. (7.81)–(7.87) and Example 7.7, pp. 351–355 — coupled-line couplers; §7.7, p. 359 — the limit of edge coupling
- A Method of Analysis of Symmetrical Four-Port Networks — J. Reed and G. J. Wheeler, IRE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques, vol. MTT-4, pp. 246–252, October 1956 — the even- and odd-mode analysis the coupler design rests on
- Microwave Engineering, 4th ed. — David M. Pozar (2012), §3.4, pp. 121–130 — circular waveguide TE and TM modes, Tables 3.3–3.5, Eq. (3.133) and Example 3.2; Appendices F and G for conductivities and loss tangents
- NIST Digital Library of Mathematical Functions — F. W. J. Olver et al., eds., Release 1.2.8 (2026-09-15), §10.21 — zeros of Bessel functions and their derivatives
- Experimental Study of Symmetric Microstrip Bends and Their Compensation — R. J. P. Douville and D. S. James, IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques, vol. MTT-26, no. 3, pp. 175–181, March 1978 — the optimum-mitre relation
- Microwave Engineering, 4th ed. — David M. Pozar (2012), §4.6, pp. 209–210 — compensated microstrip discontinuities: mitred bends and why they work
- 3GPP TS 38.101-1, NR; User Equipment (UE) radio transmission and reception; Part 1: Range 1 Standalone, V18.15.0 (Release 18) — 3GPP, 2026-09 — Table 5.2-1 (FR1 operating bands), Table 5.3.2-1 (N_RB), Table 5.4.2.3-1 (NR-ARFCN per band)
- 3GPP TS 38.101-2, NR; User Equipment (UE) radio transmission and reception; Part 2: Range 2 Standalone, V18.14.0 (Release 18) — 3GPP, 2026-09 — Table 5.2-1 (FR2 operating bands), Table 5.3.2-1, Tables 5.4.2.3-1 and 5.4.2.3-2
- 3GPP TS 38.104, NR; Base Station (BS) radio transmission and reception, V18.15.0 (Release 18) — 3GPP, 2026-09 — §5.4.2.1 and Table 5.4.2.1-1, the global frequency raster and NR-ARFCN
- 3GPP TR 38.901, Study on channel model for frequencies from 0.5 to 100 GHz, V17.0.0 (Release 17) — 3GPP / ETSI TR 138 901 V17.0.0 (2022-04), §7.4.1, Table 7.4.1-1 — path loss, shadow fading and applicability ranges
- 3GPP TS 38.306, NR; User Equipment (UE) radio access capabilities, V18.11.0 (Release 18) — 3GPP, 2026-09 — §4.1.2, supported maximum data rate for DL/UL
- 3GPP TS 38.101-1, NR; UE radio transmission and reception; Part 1: Range 1 Standalone, V18.15.0 (Release 18) — 3GPP, 2026-09 — Table 5.3.2-1, maximum transmission bandwidth configuration N_RB
- SX1276/77/78/79 — 137 MHz to 1020 MHz Low Power Long Range Transceiver, datasheet Rev. 4 — Semtech, March 2015 — Table 10 (LoRa receiver sensitivity), Table 12, Table 13 (SNR by spreading factor), §4.1.1.5–4.1.1.7 (symbol rate, LDRO, time on air)
- AN1200.13, SX1272/3/6/7/8: LoRa Modem Designer's Guide, Rev. 1 — Semtech, July 2013 — §2.2, Eqn. 1 (receiver sensitivity), Tables 2 and 3 (time on air and sensitivity)
- Empirical Formula for Propagation Loss in Land Mobile Radio Services — M. Hata, IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology, vol. VT-29, no. 3, pp. 317–325, August 1980; the formulas as given in 3GPP TR 43.030 V18.0.0 (2024-03), Annex B.1
- Recommendation ITU-R P.525-4, Calculation of free-space attenuation — ITU-R, 08/2019 — §2.2, Eqs. (3) and (4)
- Bluetooth Core Specification, Version 5.4 — Bluetooth SIG, 2023 — Vol 6, Part A: §1 (LE PHYs and rates), §2 (2400–2483.5 MHz), §3 and Table 3.1 (transmit power), §4.1 and Table 4.2 (receiver sensitivity)
- Recommendation ITU-R P.1238-13, Propagation data and prediction methods for the planning of indoor radiocommunication systems — ITU-R, 09/2025 — §3.1, Eq. (1) and Table 2, site-general basic transmission loss coefficients
- Recommendation ITU-R P.525-4, Calculation of free-space attenuation — ITU-R, 08/2019 — §2.2, Eq. (3)
- ITU-R P.525-4 — Calculation of free-space attenuation — power flux density
- ICNIRP Guidelines 2020 — International Commission on Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection, Health Physics 118(5), pp. 483–524 (2020)
- Microwave Engineering, 4th ed. — David M. Pozar (2011), Chapter 8.5 — Baluns and power dividers
- Matthaei, Young & Jones — Microwave Filters, Impedance-Matching Networks — Artech House (1980), Chapter 4 — Coupled resonators and transformers
- ITU-R P.525-4 — Calculation of free-space attenuation
- A Note on a Simple Transmission Formula — Harald T. Friis, Proc. IRE 34(5), pp. 254–256 (1946)
- Nonlinear Microwave and RF Circuits, 2nd ed. — Stephen A. Maas (2003), Chapter 5 — Mixer spurious products
- RF Circuit Design — Peter Vizmuller (1995), Chapter 4 — Mixer spur analysis
- Snubber Circuits: Theory, Design and Application — Philip C. Todd, Unitrode Corporation (May 1993), TI literature SLUP100 — p. 2-4: sizing the RC snubber by halving the ring frequency, R equal to the characteristic impedance, C two to four times the circuit capacitance; p. 2-5: resistor dissipation P = f·C·V²
- Design of Snubbers for Power Circuits — Rudy Severns, Cornell Dubilier Electronics technical paper (1999) — pp. 4–6: the RC snubber across the switch and its dissipation; p. 10: the parasitic inductance from the ring period with and without a test capacitor; p. 15: discharging the capacitor within the minimum on-time, two time constants
- Design Guidelines for RCD Snubber of Flyback Converters — Gwan-Bon Koo, Fairchild Semiconductor Application Note AN-4147, Rev. 1.1.0 (2006) — Eqs. (1)–(5), pp. 2–3: conduction time, clamp power, resistor and capacitor; pp. 3–4: diode choice, the 80% drain-voltage rule and the FSDM311 design example, Eqs. (9)–(11)
- Snubber Circuits: Theory, Design and Application — Philip C. Todd, Unitrode Corporation (May 1993), TI literature SLUP100 — p. 2-7: the RCD voltage snubber in clamp mode, its resistor returned to the input bus, dissipating the leakage energy ½·L·I²·f plus the energy from the reflected voltage
- Microwave Engineering, 4th ed. — David M. Pozar (2011), Chapter 2 — Reactance and susceptance
- The ARRL Handbook for Radio Communications — ARRL (2023), Chapter 4 — Reactance formulae
- Introduction to Radar Systems, 3rd ed. — Merrill I. Skolnik (2001), Chapter 3 — Doppler effect in radar
- Microwave Engineering, 4th ed. — David M. Pozar (2011), Chapter 14 — Doppler frequency shift
- Coplanar Waveguide Circuits, Components and Systems, ch. 2 — R. N. Simons, Wiley 2001
- Transmission Line Design Handbook, §3.3 (coplanar lines) — B. C. Wadell, Artech House 1991
- Handbook of Mathematical Functions, ch. 17 (elliptic integrals) — Abramowitz & Stegun, NBS 1964
As 255 calculadoras também incluem um campo formula.reference que cita sua principal fonte bibliográfica; a lista acima destaca o conjunto principal com blocos de metodologia completos.
Correções
Se você encontrar um erro de fórmula, uma citação ausente ou um caso em que nosso resultado diverge de uma referência publicada, envie uma correção pela página de solicitações ou escreva para contact@rftools.io. As correções são revisadas e publicadas com uma nota no bloco de metodologia da ferramenta.