Metodología y referencias
Cada fórmula y cada simulación de rftools.io se remonta a un libro de texto, un artículo del IEEE, una recomendación de la ITU-R o una biblioteca de referencia de código abierto. Esta página recoge las citas de las herramientas y calculadoras en las que la metodología más importa.
Criterio editorial
- Las fórmulas de RF, antenas y microondas se validan con Pozar — Microwave Engineering (4th ed.), Razavi — RF Microelectronics y las recomendaciones pertinentes de IEEE / ITU-R.
- Cuando existe una implementación de referencia de código abierto (scikit-rf, ITU-Rpy, openEMS, DEAP), comparamos nuestros resultados con ella: vea las insignias «Powered by» en las páginas de cada herramienta.
- Las constantes físicas usan los valores exactos del SI de 2019: c = 299 792 458 m/s, k = 1,380649 × 10⁻²³ J/K, e = 1,602176634 × 10⁻¹⁹ C.
- Se evitan los números mágicos fijos: cada fórmula puede auditarse en el código fuente abierto de la calculadora, en TypeScript / Python.
Bibliotecas citadas con las que nos alineamos
- scikit-rf — kit de herramientas de RF/microondas de código abierto, artículo en IEEE MTT-S Microwave Magazine, más de 7200 descargas semanales en PyPI.
- ITU-Rpy — implementación de referencia de los modelos de propagación de la ITU-R (P.453, P.530, P.618, P.676, P.838, P.839, P.840, P.837, P.1144), validada con los propios vectores de prueba de la ITU.
- openEMS — simulador electromagnético FDTD de código abierto que usa la herramienta FDTD de líneas de transmisión.
- DEAP — marco de algoritmos evolutivos en el que se basa el optimizador de componentes magnéticos NSGA-II.
Herramientas de simulación con metodología completa
Sintetizador de adaptación de impedancia de banda ancha
Powered by scikit-rf
- Microwave Engineering, 4th ed. — David M. Pozar (2011), Chapter 5 — Impedance Matching and Tuning
- Network Analysis and Feedback Amplifier Design — Hendrik Bode (1945) — Bode-Fano bandwidth limit
- HF Filter Design and Computer Simulation — Randall W. Rhea (1994)
Simulador de antena de cable (NEC-2)
Powered by NEC-2 (PyNEC)DEAP
- Numerical Electromagnetics Code (NEC) — Method of Moments — G. J. Burke and A. J. Poggio, Naval Ocean Systems Center TD 116 (1981)
- Antenna Theory: Analysis and Design, 4th ed. — Constantine A. Balanis (2016)
- Three-Element Yagi Models: Standards of Comparison — L. B. Cebik, W4RNL
- A Fast and Elitist Multiobjective Genetic Algorithm: NSGA-II — K. Deb, A. Pratap, S. Agarwal and T. Meyarivan, IEEE Trans. Evolutionary Computation 6(2), 2002
- Frequency-Domain Characterization of Power Distribution Networks — István Novak and Jason R. Miller, Artech House (2007)
- Power Integrity Modeling and Design for Semiconductors and Systems — Madhavan Swaminathan and A. Ege Engin, Prentice Hall (2007)
Presupuesto de enlaces satelitales y terrestres
Aligned with ITU-Rpy
- ITU-R P.618-13 — Propagation data and prediction methods required for the design of Earth-space telecommunication systems
- ITU-R P.676-12 — Attenuation by atmospheric gases (Annex 2, slant paths)
- ITU-R P.840-8 — Attenuation due to clouds and fog
- ITU-R P.838-3 — Specific attenuation model for rain for use in prediction methods
- ITU-R P.530-17 — Propagation data and prediction methods required for the design of terrestrial line-of-sight systems
- ITU-R P.837-7, P.839-4, P.836-6, P.1510-1, P.1511-1 — Rain rate, rain height, water vapour, surface temperature and topography digital maps
Analizador de presupuesto RF Cascade
Matches scikit-rf cascade
- Noise Figures of Radio Receivers — Harald T. Friis, Proc. IRE 32(7), pp. 419–422 (1944)
- Microwave Engineering, 4th ed. — David M. Pozar (2011), Chapter 10 — Noise and Nonlinear Distortion
- RF Microelectronics, 2nd ed. — Behzad Razavi (2011), Chapter 2 — Cascaded Noise and Intercept Points
- IEEE Std 182-1989 — IEEE Standard for Measurement of Amplifier Noise Figure
Calculadoras con metodología completa
- Transmission Line Design Handbook — Brian C. Wadell, Artech House (1991), Chapter 3 — Microstrip
- Microwave Engineering, 4th ed. — David M. Pozar (2011), Chapter 3.8 — Microstrip and effective permittivity
- A Note on a Simple Transmission Formula — Harald T. Friis, Proc. IRE 34(5), pp. 254–256 (1946)
- ITU-R P.525-4 — Calculation of free-space attenuation
- ITU-R P.618-13 — Rain and atmospheric attenuation for Earth-space links
- Microwave Engineering, 4th ed. — David M. Pozar (2011), Chapter 14 — Wireless Communication Systems
- Microwave Engineering, 4th ed. — David M. Pozar (2011), Chapter 2.3 — Reflection coefficient and VSWR
- Fundamentals of RF and Microwave Transistor Amplifiers — Inder J. Bahl (2009), Chapter 2 — S-parameters and VSWR
- Microwave Engineering, 4th ed. — David M. Pozar (2011), Chapter 1 — dBm and power units
- RF Circuit Design Theory and Applications — Reinhold Ludwig & Pavel Bretchko (2000), Chapter 2 — Power and gain definitions
- Noise Figures of Radio Receivers — Harald T. Friis, Proc. IRE 32(7), pp. 419–422 (1944)
- Microwave Engineering, 4th ed. — David M. Pozar (2011), Chapter 10
- RF Microelectronics, 2nd ed. — Behzad Razavi (2011), Chapter 2
- IEEE Std 182-1989 — IEEE Standard for Measurement of Amplifier Noise Figure
- Microwave Engineering, 4th ed. — David M. Pozar (2011), Chapter 1.6 — Skin depth and surface resistance
- Classical Electrodynamics, 3rd ed. — John D. Jackson (1999), Chapter 5 — Skin effect in conductors
- Microwave Engineering, 4th ed. — David M. Pozar (2011), Chapter 1.3 — Wavelength and wave velocity
- ITU Radio Regulations — International Telecommunication Union (2020), Article 2 — Frequency and wavelength definitions
- Microwave Engineering, 4th ed. — David M. Pozar (2011), §3.5 — Coaxial line
- Transmission Line Design Handbook — Brian C. Wadell, Artech House (1991), Chapter 3
- Microwave Engineering, 4th ed. — David M. Pozar (2011), Chapter 3.4 — Coaxial line loss
- LMR Flexible Low Loss Communications Coax datasheets — Times Microwave Systems — "Calculate Attenuation = (k₁)·√FMHz + (k₂)·FMHz", dB/100 ft, VSWR 1.0, +25 °C
- Technical data sheets 8240, 9258, 8267, 8216, 9913, 83284 and 1694A — Belden — nominal attenuation tables, dB/100 ft
- HELIAX LDF4-50A and LDF5-50A product specifications — CommScope (Andrew) — attenuation at 20 °C, VSWR 1.0
- ETSI EN 300 220-1 V3.1.1 — Short Range Devices (SRD) — ISM band coexistence (2017)
- FCC Part 15 — Unlicensed ISM Devices — Federal Communications Commission (47 CFR Part 15)
- Microwave Engineering, 4th ed. — David M. Pozar (2011), Chapter 7.5 — Resistive attenuators
- Matthaei, Young & Jones — Microwave Filters, Impedance-Matching Networks — Artech House (1980), Appendix B
- Transmission Line Calculator — Phillip H. Smith, Electronics 12(1), pp. 29–31 (1939)
- Microwave Engineering, 4th ed. — David M. Pozar (2011), Chapter 2.4 — The Smith Chart
- Electronic Applications of the Smith Chart, 2nd ed. — Phillip H. Smith (1995)
- IPC-TM-650 2.5.4.1A, Conductor Temperature Rise Due to Current Changes in Conductors — IPC, Rev. A, August 1997: the test board, still air and copper resistivity the model is validated under
- Trace Currents and Temperatures Revisited — D. Brooks and J. Adam, UltraCAD, April 2015 (edit of 20 July 2015): Eq. 3-2 and the internal fits to IPC-2152's test data, the binding anchors
- The Value of IPC-2152 — M. R. Jouppi, IPC APEX 2010: Figure 11, the plane coefficients the model reproduces within 0.057
- Determining Circuit Board Current Carrying Capability — J. Olson, 2010: the copper-weight multipliers the model reproduces within 0.026, and the board-thickness modifier it disagrees with
- Thermal Management of Boards and Current-Carrying Capacity of Traces — J. Adam, Bodo's Power Systems, October 2011, pp. 40–42: a Euro-board case, recorded for information
- Thermal Conductivity of Printed Wiring Boards — J. E. Graebner, Electronics Cooling 1(2), October 1995; and K. Azar and J. E. Graebner, SEMI-THERM XII (1996), pp. 169–182: FR-4's in-plane and through-plane conductivity
- Fundamentals of Heat and Mass Transfer — F. P. Incropera, D. P. DeWitt et al., 6th ed., eqs. 9.30–9.32 (after McAdams) and Table A.4: the horizontal-plate convection and the air's properties
- Antenna Theory: Analysis and Design, 4th ed. — Constantine A. Balanis (2016), Chapter 4 — Dipole antenna radiation resistance and gain
- Antenna Theory and Design, 3rd ed. — Warren L. Stutzman & Gary A. Thiele (2012), Chapter 3 — Wire antenna analysis
- Antenna Theory: Analysis and Design, 4th ed. — Constantine A. Balanis (2016), Chapter 14 — Microstrip patch antenna transmission-line model
- Antenna Theory: Analysis and Design, 4th ed. — Constantine A. Balanis (2016), §14.2.1, Eq. (14-20a) and Fig. 14.11 — resonant input resistance of an inset (recessed) feed, R_in(y₀) = R_in(0)·cos²(πy₀/L)
- Microstrip Antenna Design Handbook — R. Garg, P. Bhartia, I. Bahl & A. Ittipiboon, Artech House (2001), Chapter 3 — Patch dimensions
- ITU-R BS.705-1 — HF transmitting antennas — characteristics and diagrams (EIRP definitions)
- Antenna Theory: Analysis and Design, 4th ed. — Constantine A. Balanis (2016), Chapter 2 — EIRP, ERP, and radiation intensity
- IPC-TM-650 2.5.4.1A, Conductor Temperature Rise Due to Current Changes in Conductors — IPC, Rev. A, August 1997: the test board, still air and copper resistivity the model is validated under
- Trace Currents and Temperatures Revisited — D. Brooks and J. Adam, UltraCAD, April 2015 (edit of 20 July 2015): Eq. 3-2 and the internal fits to IPC-2152's test data, the binding anchors
- The Value of IPC-2152 — M. R. Jouppi, IPC APEX 2010: Figure 11, the plane coefficients the model reproduces within 0.057
- Determining Circuit Board Current Carrying Capability — J. Olson, 2010: the copper-weight multipliers the model reproduces within 0.026, and the board-thickness modifier it disagrees with
- Thermal Management of Boards and Current-Carrying Capacity of Traces — J. Adam, Bodo's Power Systems, October 2011, pp. 40–42: a Euro-board case, recorded for information
- Thermal Conductivity of Printed Wiring Boards — J. E. Graebner, Electronics Cooling 1(2), October 1995; and K. Azar and J. E. Graebner, SEMI-THERM XII (1996), pp. 169–182: FR-4's in-plane and through-plane conductivity
- Fundamentals of Heat and Mass Transfer — F. P. Incropera, D. P. DeWitt et al., 6th ed., eqs. 9.30–9.32 (after McAdams) and Table A.4: the horizontal-plate convection and the air's properties
- Microwave Engineering, 4th ed. — David M. Pozar (2011), Chapter 6.1 — Quality factor and resonator loss
- RF Circuit Design Theory and Applications — Reinhold Ludwig & Pavel Bretchko (2000), Chapter 4 — Q factor definitions
- Microwave Engineering, 4th ed. — David M. Pozar (2011), Chapter 3.3 — Rectangular waveguide modes and cutoff
- Time-Harmonic Electromagnetic Fields — Roger F. Harrington (2001), Chapter 8 — Waveguide theory
- Antenna Theory: Analysis and Design, 4th ed. — Constantine A. Balanis (2016), Chapter 2 — Directivity, gain, and half-power beamwidth
- Antenna Theory and Design, 3rd ed. — Warren L. Stutzman & Gary A. Thiele (2012), Chapter 2 — Aperture antenna beamwidth
- ITU-R P.525-4 — Calculation of free-space attenuation
- A Note on a Simple Transmission Formula — Harald T. Friis, Proc. IRE 34(5), pp. 254–256 (1946)
- Microwave Engineering, 4th ed. — David M. Pozar (2011), Chapter 14.1
- Introduction to Radar Systems, 3rd ed. — Merrill I. Skolnik (2001), Chapter 1 — The Nature of Radar
- Principles of Modern Radar: Basic Principles — Mark A. Richards, James A. Scheer, William A. Holm (2010)
- Radar Handbook, 3rd ed. — Merrill I. Skolnik, editor (2008)
- A closed-form approximation to Robertson's detection characteristics — Walter J. Albersheim, Proc. IEEE 69(7), 1981, p. 839
- RF Power Amplifiers for Wireless Communications, 2nd ed. — Steve C. Cripps (2006), Chapter 2 — Efficiency definitions
- Microwave Engineering, 4th ed. — David M. Pozar (2011), Chapter 12 — Power amplifier gain and PAE
- RF Microelectronics, 2nd ed. — Behzad Razavi (2011), Chapter 2, section 2.2 — Effects of nonlinearity
- Nonlinear Microwave and RF Circuits, 2nd ed. — Stephen A. Maas (2003), Chapter 3 — Intermodulation and IP3
- RF Circuit Design — Peter Vizmuller (1995), Chapter 3 — IIP3 and OIP3
- A Simple Model of Feedback Oscillator Noise Spectrum — D. B. Leeson, Proc. IEEE 54(2), pp. 329–330 (1966)
- Oscillator Design and Computer Simulation — Randall W. Rhea, SciTech Publishing (1995), Chapter 3 — Phase noise and jitter conversion
- A Simple Model of Feedback Oscillator Noise Spectrum — D. B. Leeson, Proc. IEEE 54(2), pp. 329–330 (1966)
- Microwave Oscillator Design — Alexander Chenakin, Artech House (2012), Chapter 6 — Vibration-induced phase noise
- Microwave Engineering, 4th ed. — David M. Pozar (2011), Chapter 5.3 — Return loss and mismatch error
- Applying Error Correction to Network Analyzer Measurements — Keysight Application Note AN 1287-3 (2002)
- MT-002: What the Nyquist Criterion Means to Your Sampled Data System Design — Walt Kester, Analog Devices, Rev. A (10/08): Nyquist zones of width f_s/2 and images at |±K·f_s ± f_a|, pp. 5-6 (Figure 5); undersampling, p. 9 (Figure 8); zone centring f_s = 4f_c/(2NZ − 1), p. 10 (Eq. 6)
- Antenna Theory: Analysis and Design, 4th ed. — Constantine A. Balanis (2016), Chapter 10 — Yagi-Uda array design
- Antenna Theory and Design, 3rd ed. — Warren L. Stutzman & Gary A. Thiele (2012), Chapter 5 — Yagi-Uda element spacing and gain
- Antenna Theory: Analysis and Design, 4th ed. — Constantine A. Balanis (2016), Chapter 13 — Aperture antennas and horn gain
- Antenna Theory and Design, 3rd ed. — Warren L. Stutzman & Gary A. Thiele (2012), Chapter 8 — Horn antenna beamwidth
- Antenna Theory: Analysis and Design, 4th ed. — Constantine A. Balanis (2016), Chapter 15 — Reflector antennas and parabolic dish gain
- Antenna Theory and Design, 3rd ed. — Warren L. Stutzman & Gary A. Thiele (2012), Chapter 9 — Parabolic reflector efficiency and directivity
- Antenna Theory: Analysis and Design, 4th ed. — Constantine A. Balanis (2016), Chapter 5 — Small and large loop antennas
- Antenna Theory and Design, 3rd ed. — Warren L. Stutzman & Gary A. Thiele (2012), Chapter 4 — Loop antenna radiation resistance
- Antennas for All Applications, 3rd ed. — John D. Kraus & Ronald J. Marhefka (2002), ch. 8 — Helical antennas, axial mode
- Antenna Theory: Analysis and Design, 4th ed. — Constantine A. Balanis (2016), §10.3.1 — Helical antenna, axial-mode design equations
- Characteristics of 1 to 8 wavelength uniform helical antennas — H. E. King & J. L. Wong, IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag., AP-28(2), pp. 291–296 (1980) — Kraus's gain formula overestimates measured gain
- Antenna Theory: Analysis and Design, 4th ed. — Constantine A. Balanis (2016), §4.5 finite dipole, §4.7 ground effects and image theory, §8.5 induced-EMF self-impedance
- Antenna Theory and Design, 3rd ed. — Warren L. Stutzman & Gary A. Thiele (2012), ch. 3 — monopoles and image theory
- NIST Handbook of Mathematical Functions — F. W. J. Olver et al. (eds.), NIST and Cambridge University Press (2010), §6.2 and §6.6 — sine and cosine integrals (online as DLMF ch. 6)
- Study on channel model for frequencies from 0.5 to 100 GHz — 3GPP TR 38.901 V17.0.0 (2022-03), §7.3, Table 7.3-1 — radiation power pattern of a single antenna element
- Propagation by diffraction — Recommendation ITU-R P.526-15 (10/2019), §3.2 Eq. (21) and §4.4 Eq. (44) — line-of-sight distance and elevation over an effective Earth
- Effects of tropospheric refraction on radiowave propagation — Recommendation ITU-R P.834-9 (12/2017), §2 — effective Earth radius, k = 4/3
- ITU-R P.526-15 — Propagation by diffraction — Fresnel zone clearance
- Microwave Engineering, 4th ed. — David M. Pozar (2011), Chapter 14 — Fresnel zones and path clearance
- Propagation by diffraction — Recommendation ITU-R P.526-15 (10/2019), §2.1 Eq. (2), §3.2 Eqs. (21)–(22), §4.4 — Fresnel radius, line-of-sight distance, ray clearance, a_e = k × 6371 km
- Propagation data and prediction methods required for the design of terrestrial line-of-sight systems — Recommendation ITU-R P.530-17 (12/2017), §2.2.2 — planning criteria for path clearance
- Effects of tropospheric refraction on radiowave propagation — Recommendation ITU-R P.834-9 (12/2017), §2 — effective Earth radius, k = 4/3
- Microwave Engineering, 4th ed. — David M. Pozar (2012), §7.3, pp. 328–333 — the Wilkinson divider, Example 7.2, and the unequal-split design Eqs. (7.37a)–(7.37c)
- An N-Way Hybrid Power Divider — E. J. Wilkinson, IRE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques, vol. MTT-8, pp. 116–118, January 1960
- Microwave Engineering, 4th ed. — David M. Pozar (2012), §7.1, Eqs. (7.20)–(7.21), pp. 322–323 — coupling, directivity, isolation; §7.6, Eqs. (7.81)–(7.87) and Example 7.7, pp. 351–355 — coupled-line couplers; §7.7, p. 359 — the limit of edge coupling
- A Method of Analysis of Symmetrical Four-Port Networks — J. Reed and G. J. Wheeler, IRE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques, vol. MTT-4, pp. 246–252, October 1956 — the even- and odd-mode analysis the coupler design rests on
- Microwave Engineering, 4th ed. — David M. Pozar (2012), §3.4, pp. 121–130 — circular waveguide TE and TM modes, Tables 3.3–3.5, Eq. (3.133) and Example 3.2; Appendices F and G for conductivities and loss tangents
- NIST Digital Library of Mathematical Functions — F. W. J. Olver et al., eds., Release 1.2.8 (2026-09-15), §10.21 — zeros of Bessel functions and their derivatives
- Experimental Study of Symmetric Microstrip Bends and Their Compensation — R. J. P. Douville and D. S. James, IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques, vol. MTT-26, no. 3, pp. 175–181, March 1978 — the optimum-mitre relation
- Microwave Engineering, 4th ed. — David M. Pozar (2012), §4.6, pp. 209–210 — compensated microstrip discontinuities: mitred bends and why they work
- 3GPP TS 38.101-1, NR; User Equipment (UE) radio transmission and reception; Part 1: Range 1 Standalone, V18.15.0 (Release 18) — 3GPP, 2026-09 — Table 5.2-1 (FR1 operating bands), Table 5.3.2-1 (N_RB), Table 5.4.2.3-1 (NR-ARFCN per band)
- 3GPP TS 38.101-2, NR; User Equipment (UE) radio transmission and reception; Part 2: Range 2 Standalone, V18.14.0 (Release 18) — 3GPP, 2026-09 — Table 5.2-1 (FR2 operating bands), Table 5.3.2-1, Tables 5.4.2.3-1 and 5.4.2.3-2
- 3GPP TS 38.104, NR; Base Station (BS) radio transmission and reception, V18.15.0 (Release 18) — 3GPP, 2026-09 — §5.4.2.1 and Table 5.4.2.1-1, the global frequency raster and NR-ARFCN
- 3GPP TR 38.901, Study on channel model for frequencies from 0.5 to 100 GHz, V17.0.0 (Release 17) — 3GPP / ETSI TR 138 901 V17.0.0 (2022-04), §7.4.1, Table 7.4.1-1 — path loss, shadow fading and applicability ranges
- 3GPP TS 38.306, NR; User Equipment (UE) radio access capabilities, V18.11.0 (Release 18) — 3GPP, 2026-09 — §4.1.2, supported maximum data rate for DL/UL
- 3GPP TS 38.101-1, NR; UE radio transmission and reception; Part 1: Range 1 Standalone, V18.15.0 (Release 18) — 3GPP, 2026-09 — Table 5.3.2-1, maximum transmission bandwidth configuration N_RB
- SX1276/77/78/79 — 137 MHz to 1020 MHz Low Power Long Range Transceiver, datasheet Rev. 4 — Semtech, March 2015 — Table 10 (LoRa receiver sensitivity), Table 12, Table 13 (SNR by spreading factor), §4.1.1.5–4.1.1.7 (symbol rate, LDRO, time on air)
- AN1200.13, SX1272/3/6/7/8: LoRa Modem Designer's Guide, Rev. 1 — Semtech, July 2013 — §2.2, Eqn. 1 (receiver sensitivity), Tables 2 and 3 (time on air and sensitivity)
- Empirical Formula for Propagation Loss in Land Mobile Radio Services — M. Hata, IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology, vol. VT-29, no. 3, pp. 317–325, August 1980; the formulas as given in 3GPP TR 43.030 V18.0.0 (2024-03), Annex B.1
- Recommendation ITU-R P.525-4, Calculation of free-space attenuation — ITU-R, 08/2019 — §2.2, Eqs. (3) and (4)
- Bluetooth Core Specification, Version 5.4 — Bluetooth SIG, 2023 — Vol 6, Part A: §1 (LE PHYs and rates), §2 (2400–2483.5 MHz), §3 and Table 3.1 (transmit power), §4.1 and Table 4.2 (receiver sensitivity)
- Recommendation ITU-R P.1238-13, Propagation data and prediction methods for the planning of indoor radiocommunication systems — ITU-R, 09/2025 — §3.1, Eq. (1) and Table 2, site-general basic transmission loss coefficients
- Recommendation ITU-R P.525-4, Calculation of free-space attenuation — ITU-R, 08/2019 — §2.2, Eq. (3)
- ITU-R P.525-4 — Calculation of free-space attenuation — power flux density
- ICNIRP Guidelines 2020 — International Commission on Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection, Health Physics 118(5), pp. 483–524 (2020)
- Microwave Engineering, 4th ed. — David M. Pozar (2011), Chapter 8.5 — Baluns and power dividers
- Matthaei, Young & Jones — Microwave Filters, Impedance-Matching Networks — Artech House (1980), Chapter 4 — Coupled resonators and transformers
- ITU-R P.525-4 — Calculation of free-space attenuation
- A Note on a Simple Transmission Formula — Harald T. Friis, Proc. IRE 34(5), pp. 254–256 (1946)
- Nonlinear Microwave and RF Circuits, 2nd ed. — Stephen A. Maas (2003), Chapter 5 — Mixer spurious products
- RF Circuit Design — Peter Vizmuller (1995), Chapter 4 — Mixer spur analysis
- Snubber Circuits: Theory, Design and Application — Philip C. Todd, Unitrode Corporation (May 1993), TI literature SLUP100 — p. 2-4: sizing the RC snubber by halving the ring frequency, R equal to the characteristic impedance, C two to four times the circuit capacitance; p. 2-5: resistor dissipation P = f·C·V²
- Design of Snubbers for Power Circuits — Rudy Severns, Cornell Dubilier Electronics technical paper (1999) — pp. 4–6: the RC snubber across the switch and its dissipation; p. 10: the parasitic inductance from the ring period with and without a test capacitor; p. 15: discharging the capacitor within the minimum on-time, two time constants
- Design Guidelines for RCD Snubber of Flyback Converters — Gwan-Bon Koo, Fairchild Semiconductor Application Note AN-4147, Rev. 1.1.0 (2006) — Eqs. (1)–(5), pp. 2–3: conduction time, clamp power, resistor and capacitor; pp. 3–4: diode choice, the 80% drain-voltage rule and the FSDM311 design example, Eqs. (9)–(11)
- Snubber Circuits: Theory, Design and Application — Philip C. Todd, Unitrode Corporation (May 1993), TI literature SLUP100 — p. 2-7: the RCD voltage snubber in clamp mode, its resistor returned to the input bus, dissipating the leakage energy ½·L·I²·f plus the energy from the reflected voltage
- Microwave Engineering, 4th ed. — David M. Pozar (2011), Chapter 2 — Reactance and susceptance
- The ARRL Handbook for Radio Communications — ARRL (2023), Chapter 4 — Reactance formulae
- Introduction to Radar Systems, 3rd ed. — Merrill I. Skolnik (2001), Chapter 3 — Doppler effect in radar
- Microwave Engineering, 4th ed. — David M. Pozar (2011), Chapter 14 — Doppler frequency shift
- Coplanar Waveguide Circuits, Components and Systems, ch. 2 — R. N. Simons, Wiley 2001
- Transmission Line Design Handbook, §3.3 (coplanar lines) — B. C. Wadell, Artech House 1991
- Handbook of Mathematical Functions, ch. 17 (elliptic integrals) — Abramowitz & Stegun, NBS 1964
Las 255 calculadoras incluyen además un campo formula.reference que cita su principal fuente bibliográfica; la lista anterior destaca el conjunto principal con bloques de metodología completos.
Correcciones
Si detecta un error en una fórmula, una cita que falta o un caso en que nuestro resultado difiere de una referencia publicada, envíe una corrección a través de la página de propuestas o escriba a contact@rftools.io. Las correcciones se revisan y se publican con una nota en el bloque de metodología de la herramienta.