All Calculators
255255 free calculators across 14 categories.
255 of 255
RF & Microwave
36- Link BudgetFree RF link budget calculator: enter Tx power, antenna gains, frequency, and distance to get received signal level, link margin, and max range.LMFSPLEIRPPᵣₓPopular
- ISM CoexistenceAnalyze collision probability and throughput impact when WiFi, Bluetooth, Zigbee, or LoRa share ISM bands.Nin
- Free-Space Path LossCalculate free-space path loss (FSPL) in dB using the Friis equation.FSPLPopular
- Radar RangeCalculate maximum radar detection range from peak power, antenna gain, RCS, noise figure, and bandwidth using the radar equation.RmaxSNRPr
- Fresnel ZoneCalculate Fresnel zone radius and required clearance for RF line-of-sight links.rnhminλ
- Line of SightRadio horizon of each antenna, maximum line-of-sight distance between two masts, Earth bulge and first Fresnel-zone radius at any point along the path, and the clearance a link needs there, over a smooth Earth with the k-factor of your choice.dlosdh1dh2b
- 5G NR Link BudgetA 5G NR link budget on the 3GPP channel models: TR 38.901 path loss for rural macro, urban macro, urban micro and indoor office, LOS or NLOS, the noise floor from the resource blocks, SINR, link margin, the maximum range inside the model's validity and the TS 38.306 peak data rate.MPLPRXSINR
- RF Power DensityCalculate power density in W/m² from EIRP and distance using S = EIRP/(4πd²).SEHη₀
- Link MarginCalculate RF link margin from TX power, antenna gains, path loss, and receiver sensitivity.MFSPLPRXdmax
- Doppler ShiftCalculate Doppler frequency shift for radar and RF applications.fdvrΔv/Δf
- VSWR / Return LossConvert between VSWR, return loss, reflection coefficient, and mismatch loss instantly.RL|Γ|ML
- Attenuator DesignerDesign Pi and T attenuator pads with exact resistor values and nearest E24 matches.R1πR1π,ER2πR2π,E
- Smith ChartFree online Smith Chart calculator.|Γ|∠ΓVSWRRLPopular
- Q FactorCalculate quality factor (Q) for inductors and capacitors from ESR and frequency.QXBWf₁
- RL Meas. ErrorCalculate return loss measurement uncertainty from coupler directivity and source match.ΔRLRLmaxRLminεD
- Wilkinson DividerDesign a two-way Wilkinson power divider for any power ratio: the quarter-wave arm impedances, the isolation resistor, the output terminations and their matching transformers, and the physical quarter-wave length, with every line checked against the impedance range your process can make.Z02Z03RR2
- Directional CouplerDesign a single-section quarter-wave coupled-line directional coupler: the even- and odd-mode impedances for the coupling you need, the coupled length, the through-path loss and the isolation, with a warning when the coupling is too tight for a single edge-coupled section.Z0eZ0ocL
- Balun TransformerCalculate balun turns ratio and impedance transformation for balanced-to-unbalanced feed line matching.NZL/ZSPopular
- Reactance CalculatorCalculate inductive reactance (XL = 2πfL) and capacitive reactance (XC = 1/2πfC) for any frequency.XLXCfres
- Microstrip ImpedanceCalculate microstrip impedance using Hammerstad-Jensen equations.Z₀εefftpdλg
- Skin DepthCalculate skin depth and surface resistance for copper, aluminum, and other conductors at any frequency.δRₛ
- Coax ImpedanceCalculate coaxial cable characteristic impedance (Z0), capacitance, inductance per meter, and TE11 cutoff frequency from conductor dimensions.Z₀CLVF
- Coax LossCalculate RF cable attenuation for LMR-400, RG-58, RG-213, and more.PoutPopular
- WaveguideCalculate rectangular waveguide cutoff frequencies for TE and TM modes, guide wavelength, and phase/group velocity.fcλgvpvg
- Circular WaveguideCutoff frequency of any TE or TM mode of a circular waveguide, the single-mode band between TE₁₁ and TM₀₁, and above cutoff the guide wavelength, phase constant, phase and group velocities, wave impedance and the conductor and dielectric losses; below cutoff, the evanescent attenuation.fcfc,TE11fc,TM01prop
- Mitered BendOptimum mitre for a 90° microstrip bend from the Douville and James relation: the percentage of the corner diagonal to cut away, the cut depth along the diagonal and the chamfer length along each outer edge, ready to draw in a PCB layout.MW/hdx
- Coplanar WaveguideCalculate coplanar waveguide impedance for CPW and grounded CPW (GCPW/CBCPW).Z₀εrefftpdG₅₀
- Cascaded NFCalculate cascaded noise figure and IP3 for multi-stage RF receiver chains using the Friis formula.NFtotalFtotalNFc1NFc2
- PA EfficiencyCalculate RF power amplifier PAE, drain efficiency, gain, and heat dissipation from Pout, Pin, and DC bias.PAEGPdcηD
- IMD / IP3Calculate IIP3, OIP3, IM3/IM2 products, and spurious-free dynamic range for RF amplifiers and mixers.IM3IIP3PIM3SFDR
- Phase Noise to JitterConvert oscillator phase noise (dBc/Hz) to RMS jitter in ps and ADC SNR limit.JrmsJc2cLintφrms
- Vibration Phase NoiseCalculate vibration-induced phase noise for oscillators using acceleration sensitivity (Gamma).LvibLrandΔfΔL
- Mixer SpursCalculate mixer spurious products (m*fLO +/- n*fRF) for receiver design.NnearfIFfIF+f3aPopular
- dBm ConverterConvert dBm to watts, milliwatts, dBW, dBuV, and Vrms instantly.PV
- Wavelength / FrequencyConvert between frequency, wavelength, and wavenumber in free space or any dielectric.λλ₀λ/2λ/4
- 5G NR Band LookupLook up any 5G NR operating band from 3GPP Release 18: uplink and downlink frequencies, duplex spacing, the band's NR-ARFCN range, NR-ARFCN to frequency and back, and the resource blocks for a channel bandwidth and subcarrier spacing.FREFFRFDL,lowFDL,high
PCB Design
36- Differential PairCalculate Zdiff and Zcommon for edge-coupled microstrip pairs.ZdiffZcomZ₀ZoddPopular
- Stackup BuilderCalculate trace widths for a target impedance on a 4-layer PCB stackup: microstrip on L1 over the L2 plane, stripline on L3 between the L2 and L4 planes.WL1WL3Z₀L1Z₀L3
- Controlled ZCalculate characteristic impedance for surface microstrip, embedded microstrip, and stripline PCB traces.Z₀εrefftpdW50Ω
- Asymmetric StriplineCalculate the characteristic impedance of an offset (asymmetric) stripline where the trace sits closer to one reference plane than the other.Z₀Z₀symΔZtpd
- Dual StriplineCalculate impedance for both signal layers of a dual stripline (two routing layers sharing one plane pair), plus the broadside crosstalk penalty when traces overlap.Z₀₁Z₀₂h₂kb
- Broadside PairCalculate differential and common-mode impedance for a broadside-coupled pair — two traces stacked on adjacent layers — for both shielded (between planes) and unshielded geometries.ZdiffZoddZcommonZ₀
- Edge-Coupled StriplineCalculate differential, common-mode, odd- and even-mode impedance for an edge-coupled differential pair centred between two reference planes.ZdiffZcommonZoddZeven
- Offset Coupled StriplineCalculate differential and common-mode impedance for an edge-coupled pair sitting off-centre between two reference planes — the usual case in an asymmetric stack-up.ZdiffZcommonZoddZeven
- Coupled Embedded MicrostripCalculate differential and common-mode impedance for an edge-coupled pair under soldermask, coating or prepreg — with a separate effective permittivity per mode, so the skew the cover introduces is visible.ZdiffZcommonZoddZeven
- Critical LengthFind the maximum PCB trace length before transmission-line effects matter.LcritLcrit,3L/Lcrittd
- Effective Dielectric ConstantCalculate microstrip effective dielectric constant εeff with Hammerstad–Jensen, plus Getsinger dispersion, propagation velocity, delay in ps/mm and ps/inch, and guided wavelength.εeffεeff(f)qZ₀
- PCB CrosstalkCalculate PCB trace crosstalk NEXT, FEXT, and coupling coefficient for signal integrity analysis.NEXTKFEXTLcritPopular
- PCB Trace InductanceCalculate PCB trace parasitic inductance using the Ruehli formula.LL/lZ100MZ1GPopular
- Via Stub ResonanceCalculate via stub resonant frequency, signal notch depth, and backdrill benefit for high-speed PCB design.fresLstubNotchfbd
- Differential ViaCalculate the stub resonance and insertion loss of a differential via pair: the stub notch that dominates a via transition long before conductor and dielectric loss matter.ILmaxLstubfresfworst
- Skin Depth %Express skin depth as a percentage of trace thickness and get the AC/DC resistance ratio that follows, so you can tell whether a copper weight choice still matters at your frequency.δ/tδRac/R_dcteff
- Via Step ResponseModel a PCB via as a lumped LC discontinuity: excess capacitance and inductance, self-resonant frequency, 10–90 % rise-time degradation, and peak reflection for a given edge rate.tᵣ,outΔtᵣ|ρ|L
- Trace WidthCalculate minimum PCB trace width for current capacity per IPC-2221 and IPC-2152’s conservative Figure 5-1.ImaxWminPopular
- Trace ResistanceCalculate PCB copper trace DC resistance from width, length, thickness, and temperature.Resistance
- Fusing CurrentCalculate the current that will fuse a PCB trace using Onderdonk's equation.IfusetfuseIfuse/I_opA
- Via CalculatorCalculate PCB via impedance, capacitance, inductance, and current capacity.ZviaCviaLviaAR
- Via Thermal ResistanceCalculate thermal via resistance, array conductance, and current capacity for PCB thermal management.θarrayθviaGthImax
- Via Voltage DropCalculate DC resistance, voltage drop, and power dissipation of plated through-hole vias with temperature compensation and parallel via arrays.Voltage Drop
- Microvia CurrentCalculate laser-drilled microvia current capacity from barrel cross-section using IPC-2221, with DC resistance, voltage drop, current density, self-heating, and IPC-2226 aspect-ratio checks.IINAR
- Decoupling CapacitorCalculate decoupling capacitor SRF, impedance at target frequency, and number of caps needed for power integrity.NcapfSRFZSRFZtarget
- Power Plane ImpedanceCalculate PCB power plane impedance, capacitance, inductance, and resonant frequency for PDN design.CXLf1f10
- Solder Paste VolumeCalculate solder paste volume, stencil aperture area, and IPC-7525A area ratio.VpasteAapARtmaxPopular
- Conductor to PadFind the widest conductor that can reach a pad through the channel between its neighbours, from pad diameter, pitch and your fabricator’s minimum clearance.WmaxP − Dpad(N+1)·CN·W/channel
- BGA BreakoutFind the widest escape trace that fits between BGA lands from ball pitch, land diameter, your fabricator’s clearance and the number of traces per channel — and whether it fits at all.Wmaxpeff − D_land(N+1)·Cpeff
- Aperture DiagonalGet the corner-to-corner diagonal of a rectangular aperture plus the stocked tool that covers it — the drill that clears the diagonal, or the cutter that fits the short side and the corner radius it leaves.√(L² + W²)ddrilld − diagonalmin(L, W)
- Max Pad DiameterFind the largest pad that fits a component pitch while holding your fabricator’s clearance, with or without conductors routed between adjacent pads.Dmax(N+1)·CN·WP − Dmax
- Annular RingCalculate minimum pad diameter and annular ring per IPC-6012 for through-hole vias and component pads.DlandDmax
- BGA Land PadCalculate BGA land pad diameter, solder mask opening, and escape routing per IPC-7351B, which sizes the land by ball diameter.DnomΔD
- Conductor SpacingDetermine minimum electrical clearance between conductors per IPC-2221B Table 6.1 based on voltage and conductor condition.Vmax
- Spiral InductorCalculate PCB planar spiral inductance using Mohan current-sheet and modified Wheeler methods for square, hexagonal, octagonal, and circular geometries.Inductance (Mohan)Popular
- Embedded ResistorCalculate geometry for PCB embedded resistors from target resistance and sheet resistance.Number of Squares
Power Electronics
23- Buck ConverterDesign a synchronous buck converter: calculate duty cycle, inductor, output and input capacitors, peak current, and ripple.LₘᵢₙDCₒᵤₜCᵢₙPopular
- Boost ConverterCalculate duty cycle, inductor value, and output capacitor for boost (step-up) DC-DC converter designLDILCout
- MOSFET Power LossCalculate MOSFET conduction loss, switching loss, total power dissipation, junction temperature, and efficiency for power electronics designPtotalPcondPswTjPopular
- Charge PumpCalculate Dickson charge pump output voltage, loaded voltage, output ripple, and efficiency for switched-capacitor voltage multiplier circuitsVoutVocΔVη
- Switching Regulator RippleCalculate buck converter output voltage ripple, inductor current ripple, and ESR contribution for switching regulator designΔVoutDΔILΔVC
- Flyback ConverterCalculate flyback converter turns ratio, peak primary and secondary currents, and power levels for isolated DC-DC converter design.NIin,avgIp,pkIs,pkPopular
- RC SnubberSize an RC damping snubber from the ringing you measure: the ring frequency alone and with a known capacitor added give the parasitic capacitance and inductance, the snubber resistor and capacitor, the power the resistor dissipates and the time constant, checked against the minimum on-time.RsCsPCp
- RCD Clamp SnubberDesign the RCD clamp that limits a flyback converter's drain voltage spike: clamp power including the reflected-voltage factor, the clamp resistor and capacitor, the peak drain voltage and the diode's reverse-voltage rating, from the leakage inductance, peak current and clamp voltage.PsnRsnCsnVds,pk
- LDO ThermalCalculate LDO regulator power dissipation, junction temperature, thermal margin, and minimum dropout voltage for thermal design validation.TJPdissΔTVdropout
- LDO DropoutCalculate LDO regulator power dissipation, junction temperature rise, minimum input voltage, efficiency, and headroom for linear regulator designVheadPDΔTjVin(min)
- Battery LifeEstimate battery runtime for IoT and portable devices given average current draw, duty cycle, self-discharge rate, and depth-of-discharge cutoff.ttdaysIeffCusable
- Solar Panel SizingCalculate solar panel wattage, battery capacity, and charge controller current for off-grid photovoltaic systems based on load and sun hoursPpanelEdayIpanelCreq
- Battery Charge TimeCalculate Li-ion battery charge time using CC/CV method, including CC phase duration, total charge time, energy input, and charging efficiencyttotaltCCIchgEinPopular
- Supercap BackupCalculate supercapacitor backup time, stored energy, and charge time for power backup applications using ultracapacitors.tbackupEtchargeSDPopular
- Battery Internal ResistanceCalculate battery internal resistance from open-circuit and loaded voltage measurements, determine power loss and maximum short-circuit current.RintPlossηIsc
- Power FactorCalculate power factor, reactive power, and correction capacitor for AC circuitsCPQφ
- 3-Phase PowerCalculate three-phase real power (kW), reactive power (kVAR), apparent power (kVA), and power factor angle for wye or delta connections.PVphQSPopular
- Inrush Current LimiterCalculate NTC thermistor requirements for inrush current limiting, including cold resistance, peak inrush current, time constant, and energy absorbedRcoldIpeakτE
- Transformer Turns RatioCalculate transformer turns ratio, secondary current, apparent power, and real power delivered.NIsSP
- Voltage DividerCalculate voltage divider output voltage, current, Thévenin impedance, and power dissipation from Vin, R1, and R2.VₒᵤₜR₂/(R₁+R₂)Rₜₕ
- LED ResistorCalculate the correct current limiting resistor for an LED.Exact Resistance
- PWM Duty CycleCalculate PWM duty cycle, frequency, average voltage, off-time, and RMS voltage from on-time and period parametersDfVavgtoff
- Voltage DropCalculate voltage drop across a cable run.VdropV%VloadPloss
Signal Processing
14- Nyquist SamplingCalculate Nyquist sampling rate, oversampling ratio, and aliasing frequency.fNOSRfaliasDR
- ADC SNR & ENOBCalculate ADC signal-to-noise ratio, ENOB, and SFDR with aperture jitter effects.SNReffSNRidealENOBSFDR
- FFT ResolutionCalculate FFT frequency bin resolution, Nyquist range, time record length, and scalloping loss.ΔffNTGproc
- Oversampling & Noise ShapingCalculate SNR improvement from oversampling and noise shaping for sigma-delta ADCs.SNRosSNRbaseENOBΔSNR
- Quantization NoiseCalculate ADC quantization noise, SQNR, ENOB, and noise spectral density.SQNRLSBENOBDR
- SNRCalculate signal-to-noise ratio, noise floor, receiver sensitivity, and dynamic range for RF systems.SNRNfloorsensDRPopular
- Johnson-Nyquist NoiseCalculate thermal noise voltage, power, and spectral density for any resistor.VnPnN₀InPopular
- BER CalculatorFree BER calculator for BPSK, QPSK, 8PSK, 16-QAM.BERlog₁₀(BER)kPopular
- Filter DesignerDesign passive Butterworth and Chebyshev LC ladder filters up to order 10.C₁L₂C₃L₄Popular
- Filter Order CalculatorCalculate minimum filter order for Butterworth, Chebyshev, and elliptic designs.nBWnCHnELΩs/Ωp
- PLL Loop FilterDesign a type-2 second-order PLL passive loop filter.C₁R₁C₂PMPopular
- AM Modulation IndexCalculate AM modulation index: m = (Amax − Amin) / (Amax + Amin).mfUSBfLSBBW
- FM Modulation IndexCalculate FM modulation index, Carson's rule bandwidth, and SNR improvement over AM.βBWCarsonBWBesselΔSNRPopular
- Rise Time ↔ BWConvert digital rise time to signal bandwidth.fkneef3dBfsn
Antenna Design
11- Dipole AntennaCalculate dipole antenna length for any frequency — enter MHz, get half-wave and quarter-wave dimensions in mm.Lλ/2Lλ/4GZinPopular
- Yagi-Uda AntennaCalculate Yagi-Uda antenna element lengths, gain, spacing, and impedance.GLDLRLdPopular
- Loop AntennaCalculate loop antenna radiation resistance, Q factor, bandwidth, and gain.RradCRlossGPopular
- Helical AntennaDesign an axial-mode helical antenna: enter frequency, turns, helix diameter, turn spacing and wire size to get directivity, half-power and first-null beamwidths, axial ratio, input resistance and pitch angle by Kraus's formulas, with warnings outside their valid range.DHPBWFNBWAR
- Monopole / Whip AntennaInput impedance, radiation resistance and directivity of a monopole or whip over a ground plane at any height, from the induced-EMF model by image theory, plus the quarter-wave length and the base-loading inductance a short whip needs.RinXinRrD
- Patch AntennaCalculate rectangular microstrip patch antenna dimensions (width, length) using the Transmission Line Model.LWεreffRinPopular
- Horn AntennaCalculate pyramidal horn antenna gain, E/H-plane beamwidths, and effective aperture area.GθEθHAeffPopular
- Parabolic DishCalculate parabolic dish gain, HPBW and effective aperture.GHPBWAeffPopular
- EIRP / ERPCalculate EIRP and ERP from transmit power, cable loss, and antenna gain.EIRPERPMGmax
- BeamwidthCalculate antenna 3 dB beamwidth, gain from aperture, and effective area.θ3dBθnullAeffλ
- Antenna DowntiltFind the downtilt that puts a sector antenna's upper half-power edge on the cell edge, the ground footprint of the half-power beam, and the gain toward the cell edge from the 3GPP vertical pattern, with Earth curvature included.θtiltθedindout
General Electronics
24- Ohm's LawCalculate voltage, current, resistance, and power using Ohm's Law.IVRP
- Series/Parallel R·C·LCalculate the equivalent series and parallel combination of up to eight resistors, capacitors, or inductors.Vout/VinΣx
- Current DividerCalculate current division between two parallel resistors using the current divider rule.I₁I₂VRparallel
- Delta–Wye ConversionConvert resistor networks between delta (Δ) and wye (Y / star) configurations.R₁R₂R₃Rₐ
- Color CodeDecode resistor color bands to resistance value and tolerance.Resistance
- Wire GaugeConvert between AWG and mm², calculate wire current capacity, resistance, and voltage dropAdRVdrop
- RC Time ConstantCalculate RC circuit time constant τ, charge time to 63.2% and 99%, and −3dB cutoff frequency.ττminτmaxετ
- LC ResonanceCalculate the resonant frequency, characteristic impedance, Q factor, and bandwidth of a series or parallel LC tank circuit.f₀Z₀QBWPopular
- Capacitor EnergyCalculate capacitor energy (E = 1/2·CV²), stored charge (Q = CV), and average charging current.EQIavgP
- Inductor EnergyCalculate energy stored in an inductor, L/R time constant, and current rise timeEτtriseVL
- 555 TimerCalculate 555 timer frequency, period, duty cycle, and pulse width for both astable oscillator and monostable one-shot configurationsfTtHD
- Crystal Load CapCalculate actual load capacitance seen by a crystal oscillator, estimate frequency error from spec, and find recommended external capacitor values.CL,actualΔCLΔfCrecPopular
- PPM ToleranceConvert crystal tolerance in ppm to absolute frequency error in Hz.±ppm±Δffminfmax
- BJT Bias PointCalculate BJT voltage divider bias Q-point including collector current, base voltage, VCE, power dissipation, and operating regionICVBVEVCPopular
- MOSFET Operating PointCalculate MOSFET drain current, saturation voltage, transconductance, and operating region (cutoff, triode, saturation) for NMOS transistorsIDVDS(sat)PDgm
- Transistor SwitchCalculate BJT transistor switch parameters including load current, required base current, base resistor value, saturation check, and power dissipationRBICIB(min)IB(act)
- Current MirrorCalculate current mirror output current, beta error, reference resistor, power consumption, and Widlar mirror resistor for analog IC and bias circuit designIoutRrefPrefεβ
- Op-Amp GainCalculate op-amp voltage gain, gain in dB, −3 dB bandwidth, and input impedance for inverting, non-inverting, and differential amplifier configurations.Avf−3dBZinVout,max
- Comparator HysteresisCalculate comparator hysteresis trip points for Schmitt trigger circuits, upper and lower threshold voltages, and design resistor values for a desired hysteresis percentageΔVhystVT+VT−R1calcPopular
- Schmitt TriggerCalculate inverting Schmitt trigger threshold voltages and hysteresis band for comparator circuits with positive feedback.VhystVTH+VTH-VmidPopular
- Op-Amp BandwidthCalculate op-amp closed-loop bandwidth from GBW and the 10-90% rise time it gives.BWtrACL
- Zener DiodeCalculate series resistor, power dissipation, and load current for zener diode voltage regulatorsRSIZPZItotalPopular
- LM317 ResistorsCalculate R2 resistor value for LM317/LM338 adjustable voltage regulator output voltage, with actual Vout and resistor power dissipation.R2Vout,actualPR1PR2
- LDO DropoutCalculate LDO minimum input voltage from dropout specification, determine power dissipation, and estimate efficiency at a given supply voltage.VinminVinrecPdissη
Communications
11- UART Baud RateCalculate UART frame timing, throughput, and USART BRR register divisor from baud rate, data format, and MCU clock frequency.εBNframeTbitTframePopular
- I2C Pull-UpCalculate I2C pull-up resistor values for Standard (100 kHz), Fast (400 kHz), and Fast-Plus (1 MHz) modes.RrecRmaxRminIbusPopular
- SPI TimingCalculate SPI bus timing parameters including bit period, frame time, maximum clock frequency limited by trace capacitance, and signal slew ratefmaxtbittframeSRPopular
- I2S TimingCalculate I2S bit clock (BCLK), word clock (LRCLK/WCLK), and data rate for audio interfaces at any sample rate, bit depth, and channel count.BCLKWCLKTBCLKDR
- CAN Bus TimingCalculate CAN bus bit timing parameters including prescaler, time quanta, sync segment, propagation segment, and phase buffer segments for a given baud rate and sample pointBRPtqNBTSSPopular
- RS-485 TerminationCalculate RS-485 bus termination resistors, bias resistors, maximum baud rate for cable length, propagation delay, and bias current consumptionRtermRbiasBRmaxtpdPopular
- LIN Bus TimingCalculate LIN bus bit time, break field length, frame time, and maximum frame rate for automotive LIN network design.TframeTbitTbreakFPS
- Modbus TimingCalculate Modbus RTU character time, 3.5-character inter-frame gap, total frame duration, and maximum frame rate.T3.5TcharTframeFPS
- Clock JitterCalculate clock tree timing budget for FPGA and SoC designs.Setup Margin
- USB TerminationCalculate USB bus termination resistor values, differential impedance, cable propagation delay and the USB 2.0 minimum rise time for USB 2.0 and USB 3.0RtermZdifftpdtr
- Ethernet CableCalculate Ethernet cable attenuation, maximum cable length, and pass/fail for Cat5e, Cat6, Cat6a, and Cat8 at 100Mbps, 1Gbps, and 10Gbps.AttLmaxMarginPassPopular
Thermal
6- HeatsinkCalculate required heatsink thermal resistance (θ_SA) and junction temperature for MOSFETs, IGBTs, and power ICs.θSATJθJAΔTPopular
- Heatsink SelectionCalculate the required heatsink thermal resistance (θSA) to keep a device junction below its maximum temperature.θSATJΔTJθJSPopular
- Thermal Resistance NetworkCalculate junction, case, and heatsink temperatures through a series thermal resistance network (θJC + θCS + θSA) for component thermal managementTJTCTSθJAPopular
- Junction TemperatureCalculate semiconductor junction temperature from power dissipation and thermal resistance chain (θJC + θCS + θSA).TJθJATCTSPopular
- Trace TempCalculate PCB copper trace temperature rise under load current with the IPC-2221 external-layer fit and IPC-2152 Figure 5-1.ΔTTmaxRPPopular
- Thermal Via ArrayCalculate thermal resistance of a PCB thermal via array for heat spreading from SMD packages to inner copper planes or heatsinks.θarrayθviaGPopular
Motor Control
22- DC MotorCalculate DC motor speed, torque, power, and efficiency from electrical parametersωLω₀IaPout
- Stepper MotorCalculate stepper motor speed, step frequency, and travel per revolutionfstepsteps/revvθstepPopular
- BLDC MotorBLDC motor calculator: enter Kv rating and voltage to get no-load RPM, stall torque, max efficiency point, and propeller thrust.N0IstallKtTstallPopular
- BLDC EfficiencyAnalyze BLDC motor efficiency at any operating point.ηPCuPFePmech
- Servo MotorCalculate servo motor torque, speed, efficiency, and back-EMF from electrical and load parameters.TnVemfPin
- Motor EfficiencyCalculate motor efficiency, power losses, and heat dissipation from electrical input and mechanical output measurements.ηPinPlossQ
- Motor SlipCalculate induction motor slip, synchronous speed, slip frequency, and rotor speed for AC induction motors.snsΔnfr
- Starting TorqueCalculate DC motor starting (stall) torque, stall current, no-load speed, and peak power at startup.TsIsn₀Ps
- VFD CalculatorCalculate AC induction motor speed under VFD (Variable Frequency Drive) control.nnsnratedT%Popular
- PWM Motor SpeedConvert PWM duty cycle to effective motor voltage, calculate no-load speed and stall current for DC motor PWM control.Veffn₀IsPs
- Motor InrushCalculate motor inrush current, voltage drop during startup, and I²t value for fuse/breaker selection.IinrushΔVΔV%I²t
- Motor Battery LifeCalculate battery runtime for motor-driven systems accounting for motor current draw, efficiency, and depth of discharge.tCuseEIdraw
- H-BridgeCalculate H-bridge MOSFET requirements including peak current, conduction losses, and minimum current rating for DC motor drivers.IDS_minIpeakPcondPsw
- Driver PowerCalculate motor driver IC or discrete MOSFET power dissipation including conduction loss and switching loss at a given PWM frequency.PbridgePcondPswPFET
- BLDC WindingCalculate BLDC motor winding parameters: turns per coil, wire gauge, fill factor, winding factor, and phase resistance.NAWGdwFFPopular
- BLDC ThermalCalculate BLDC motor winding temperature, thermal margin, derated current, and time to thermal limit.TwΔTΔTmIderated
- Motor HeatCalculate motor heat dissipation, temperature rise, and operating temperature from input power and efficiency.PlossΔTTmPoutPopular
- Winding ResistanceCalculate motor winding resistance at any temperature using copper or aluminum TCR.R(T)ΔRΔR%
- Gear RatioCalculate gear ratio, output speed, torque multiplication, and power transmission efficiency for gear trains.GRn₂T₂PinPopular
- Torque ConverterConvert torque between Newton-metres, pound-feet, pound-inches, oz·in, kg·cm and dyne·cm — covers all motor datasheet units.lb·ftlb·inoz·inkg·cm
- Encoder ResolutionCalculate encoder counts per revolution, angular resolution, and maximum frequency for quadrature and single-channel encoders.CPRoutCPRθ/countfmax
- PID TuningCalculate PID controller gains using the Ziegler-Nichols open-loop (reaction curve) method from process gain, dead time, and time constant.KpKiKdKpPI
EMC / EMI
16- Ferrite BeadCalculate ferrite bead impedance, insertion loss, and DC voltage drop at any frequency.ILZbeadVratioVDCPopular
- LC EMI FilterDesign LC EMI filters for conducted emissions compliance.LCnAactualPopular
- CMC ImpedanceCalculate common mode choke impedance, insertion loss, and Q factor at any frequency.ZILQPopular
- Ripple FilterCalculate LC filter attenuation, resonant frequency, and output ripple voltage.Voutf₀APopular
- Conducted EMI FilterDesign an LC filter for CISPR 22/FCC conducted emissions compliance.f₀CLVout
- DM EMI FilterDesign a differential mode LC EMI filter.Af₀Z₀
- RF ShieldingCalculate electromagnetic shielding effectiveness, absorption loss, reflection loss, and skin depth.SEtotalARδPopular
- Cable ShieldCalculate cable shielding effectiveness and transfer impedance vs frequency.SEZtPopular
- Chassis ResonanceCalculate the lowest resonant frequency and TE modes of a metallic enclosure.fminfTE101fTE110λ
- Decoupling Cap EMCCalculate decoupling capacitor impedance, reactance, and self-resonant frequency.|Z|XcfSRF
- Ground ImpedanceCalculate PCB ground plane AC impedance, skin depth, and inductive reactance vs frequency.|Z|RDCδRAC
- PCB Crosstalk EMCAnalyze PCB trace crosstalk from capacitive and inductive coupling.VNEVCVLXT
- ESD TVS DiodeCalculate TVS diode clamping voltage, breakdown voltage, and peak pulse power.VcVBRIppPpwr
- ESD ClampCalculate ESD clamp diode peak current, power dissipation, and clamping ratio.IpkPpkΔVVcl/V_ESD
- Radiated EmissionsEstimate radiated emissions from PCB current loops using the small-loop model.EMElimImax
- EMI MarginCalculate EMI compliance margin with measurement uncertainty and safety margin.MadjMrawΔEΣA
Sensor Interface
17- NTC ThermistorCalculate temperature from NTC thermistor resistance using the Steinhart-Hart beta equation.TVoutPopular
- RTD TemperatureCalculate temperature from PT100 or PT1000 resistance — enter measured ohms, get °C instantly.TR₁₀₀VoutPopular
- PT100 ResistanceCalculate PT100 or PT1000 RTD resistance at any temperature using the Callendar-Van Dusen equation.R(T)dR/dTVoutPopular
- ThermocoupleCalculate thermocouple EMF voltage from temperature with cold junction compensation.EEcjcSΔT
- Wheatstone BridgeCalculate Wheatstone bridge output voltage, balance condition, and mV/V sensitivity.VoutΔBSVampPopular
- Strain Gauge BridgeCalculate bridge output voltage for strain gauges in quarter, half, and full bridge configs.VoutΔR/RεVamp
- Load Cell AmpCalculate load cell output voltage, required amplifier gain, and mV/V sensitivity for Wheatstone bridge weigh scale and force sensor designs.G5VVFSVampSper_unit
- Pressure BridgeCalculate bridge output voltage for piezoresistive pressure sensors.VoutVFSP/PFSVamp
- Hall Effect SensorCalculate Hall voltage V_H = R_H·I·B/t, carrier density, and sensitivity for Hall effect sensors.VHRHSVamp
- Capacitive SensorCalculate capacitance and sensitivity (pF/mm) between sensor plate and target.CdC/dd
- AccelerometerCalculate accelerometer output voltage, ADC resolution in mg per LSB, and full-scale range.mg/LSBVFSmV/LSBVout
- Optical RangeCompare optical proximity sensor configurations by detection factor.DrelDnom
- LVDTCalculate LVDT output voltage, sensitivity in mV/mm, and linear range from excitation voltage and stroke.VoutVFSSxlin
- TIA DesignCalculate TIA output voltage, bandwidth, and noise for photodiode circuits.VoutBWenPopular
- Current ShuntCalculate shunt resistor voltage drop, power dissipation, amplifier output, and ADC resolution for current sensing circuits.VshVampPshΔIPopular
- Sensor AccuracyCalculate total sensor error using RSS and worst-case methods.eRSSetempeWC
- 4-20mA LoopCalculate 4-20 mA current loop voltage budget, sensor value from loop current, and maximum loop resistance for industrial transmitter design.XVloadVtxRmax
Unit Conversions
19- Frequency ↔ WavelengthConvert frequency to wavelength instantly: 150 MHz = 2.0 m, 2.4 GHz = 12.5 cm, 5.8 GHz = 5.2 cm.λλ/2λ/4Popular
- dBm ↔ WattsInstant dBm ↔ watts conversion: 0 dBm = 1 mW, 10 dBm = 10 mW, 20 dBm = 100 mW, 30 dBm = 1 W.PVPopular
- Data Rate ConverterConvert data rates instantly: bps ↔ kbps ↔ Mbps ↔ Gbps and bytes/sec.MbpskbpsGbpsB/sPopular
- Angle ConverterConvert angles between degrees, radians, gradians, arcminutes, arcseconds, and turns for motor, antenna, and RF applications.radgrad'"
- Rectangular ↔ PolarConvert complex numbers between rectangular (a + jb) and polar (r∠θ) form.rθab
- Inductance ConverterConvert inductance units instantly — henries (H), millihenries (mH), microhenries (µH), nanohenries (nH), and picohenries (pH).μHmHnHpH
- Capacitance ConverterConvert capacitance between farads, millifarads, microfarads, nanofarads, and picofarads.nFmFμFpF
- Resistance ConverterConvert resistance between milliohms, ohms, kilohms, megaohms, and gigaohms.kΩmΩMΩGΩPopular
- Current ConverterConvert electric current between amperes (A), milliamperes (mA), microamperes (μA), nanoamperes (nA), and picoamperes (pA).mAμAnApAPopular
- Voltage ConverterConvert voltage between microvolts, millivolts, volts, kilovolts, and megavolts.mVμVkVMV
- Magnetic UnitsConvert magnetic flux density between Tesla, milliTesla, microTesla, Gauss, and nanoTesla for sensor and motor applications.mTμTnTG
- Energy ConverterConvert energy between joules, millijoules, electron-volts, kilowatt-hours, calories, and BTU.mJμJeVkWh
- AWG Wire GaugeConvert AWG wire gauge to diameter (mm/inches), cross-sectional area (mm²), resistance per meter, and approximate current carrying capacity.dARImax
- Capacitor CodeDecode 3-digit capacitor code (e.g., 104 = 100nF) to capacitance in pF, nF, and μF.C
- Temperature ConverterConvert temperature between Celsius, Fahrenheit, Kelvin, Rankine, and Réaumur scales.°FK°R°Ré
- Time ConverterConvert time between seconds, milliseconds, microseconds, nanoseconds, picoseconds, and femtoseconds for digital and RF applications.μsmsnsps
- Torque ConverterConvert torque between Newton-metres, pound-feet, pound-inches, oz·in, kg·cm, kg·m, and dyne·cm.lb·ftlb·inoz·inkg·cmPopular
- Illuminance ConverterConvert illuminance between lux, foot-candles, millilux, kilolux, and phot for ambient light sensor and LED design.fcmluxkluxph
- Length ConverterConvert PCB dimensions between millimetres, mils (thou), inches, micrometres, centimetres, and metres.milμmincm
Audio Electronics
18- Audio AmplifierCalculate amplifier output power from supply voltage and speaker impedance.PoutmaxPoutRMSTHDSNRPopular
- Headphone PowerCalculate the amplifier output power, voltage, and current required to drive headphones to a target SPL.PreqPWVrmsIreq
- Op-Amp Slew RateCalculate op-amp full-power bandwidth from slew rate and signal amplitude, and verify the op-amp can handle your signal without slew-rate distortion.FPBWSRminSRmargin
- Class-D EfficiencyEstimate Class D amplifier efficiency from MOSFET conduction losses and quiescent current at a given output power.ηPcondPqPloss
- Amp ClippingCalculate amplifier clipping voltage, power, and dBV level from supply voltage and load impedance.VpeakVrmsPclip_rmsdBV
- Amplifier GainCalculate amplifier gain in dB from input and output voltage or power.AvdBAvApApdBPopular
- Speaker CrossoverCalculate passive 2-way speaker crossover component values for 1st order (6dB/oct) and 2nd order Butterworth (12dB/oct) networks.LwCwCtLtPopular
- Speaker SPLCalculate speaker SPL at any power and distance from the rated sensitivity (dB/W/m) specification.SPLdSPLPPopular
- Subwoofer BoxCalculate subwoofer box volume for sealed and ported enclosures from Thiele-Small parameters (Vas, Qts, Fs).VbsVbvFbf3
- Tweeter CapacitorCalculate the capacitor value for a first-order tweeter high-pass filter to protect tweeters from low-frequency damage.CXCΔdBfc,bPopular
- Audio SNRCalculate audio SNR and dynamic range.SNRDRSNRVENOB
- Audio TransformerCalculate audio transformer turns ratio for impedance matching between source and load, plus secondary voltage and current.nV₂I₂P
- Cable RolloffCalculate the high-frequency rolloff (-3 dB point) caused by cable capacitance interacting with source impedance.fcCtotalΔdB
- ADC Dynamic RangeCalculate the theoretical SNR and dynamic range of an audio ADC from its bit depth, and the improvement from oversampling.DRSNRidealGOSSNRtotal
- EQ Q FactorFree EQ Q factor calculator — enter center frequency and bandwidth to get Q, octaves, and 3dB points.QBWfLfHPopular
- Room ModesCalculate room axial modes using f = n·c/(2L).fLfWfHfS
- Delay TimeCalculate audio delay time in milliseconds from BPM and note value — quarter, eighth, dotted, triplet.tnotetbeattprop
- RT60 CalculatorCalculate room reverberation time (RT60) using Sabine and Eyring equations.T₆₀T₆₀ₑDᶜfS
IoT & LPWAN
2- LoRa Link BudgetLoRa link budget from the Semtech SX1276 formulas: receiver sensitivity by spreading factor and bandwidth, symbol time, time on air with automatic low-data-rate optimisation, duty-cycle off-time, free-space or Okumura–Hata path loss, link margin and maximum range.MSPRXLp
- BLE Link BudgetBluetooth Low Energy link budget by PHY: data rate and Core Specification receiver sensitivity for LE 1M, LE 2M and LE Coded, path loss in free space or the ITU-R P.1238 indoor model, received power, link margin and maximum range.MRSLp