All Calculators

Microstrip Impedance

Calculate microstrip impedance using Hammerstad-Jensen equations. Get Z0, effective dielectric constant, and propagation delay for PCB trace design. Free, instant results.

Link Budget

Free RF link budget calculator: enter Tx power, antenna gains, frequency, and distance to get received signal level, link margin, and max range. Covers satellite, terrestrial, and IoT links.

VSWR / Return Loss

Convert between VSWR, return loss, reflection coefficient, and mismatch loss instantly. Get reflected and transmitted power percentages. Free, instant results.

dBm Converter

Convert dBm to watts, milliwatts, dBW, dBuV, and Vrms instantly. Enter power level and impedance for all RF power unit conversions. Free, instant results.

Cascaded NF

Calculate cascaded noise figure and IP3 for multi-stage RF receiver chains using the Friis formula. Optimize LNA and filter ordering. Free, instant results.

Skin Depth

Calculate skin depth and surface resistance for copper, aluminum, and other conductors at any frequency. Essential for RF shielding and PCB design. Free, instant results.

Wavelength / Frequency

Convert between frequency, wavelength, and wavenumber in free space or any dielectric. Calculate half-wave and quarter-wave lengths for antenna design. Free, instant results.

Coax Impedance

Calculate coaxial cable characteristic impedance (Z0), capacitance, inductance per meter, and TE11 cutoff frequency from conductor dimensions. Free, instant results.

Coax Loss

Calculate RF cable attenuation for LMR-400, RG-58, RG-213, and more. Enter cable type, frequency, and length to get insertion loss in dB. Free, instant results.

ISM Coexistence

Analyze collision probability and throughput impact when WiFi, Bluetooth, Zigbee, or LoRa share ISM bands. Enter duty cycles and channels. Free, instant results.

Attenuator Designer

Design Pi and T attenuator pads with exact resistor values and nearest E24 matches. Enter attenuation and impedance for both topologies. Free, instant results.

Smith Chart

Free interactive online Smith Chart tool — plot impedance, calculate VSWR, return loss, and reflection coefficient instantly. Real-time updates, load presets, and shareable URLs.

Q Factor

Calculate quality factor (Q) for inductors and capacitors from ESR and frequency. Determine resonant bandwidth and half-power frequencies. Free, instant results.

Waveguide

Calculate rectangular waveguide cutoff frequencies for TE and TM modes, guide wavelength, and phase/group velocity. Enter dimensions and mode numbers. Free, instant results.

Free-Space Path Loss

Calculate free-space path loss (FSPL) in dB using the Friis equation. Enter frequency and distance for wireless link budget analysis. Free, instant results.

Radar Range

Calculate maximum radar detection range from peak power, antenna gain, RCS, noise figure, and bandwidth using the radar equation. Free, instant results.

PA Efficiency

Calculate RF power amplifier PAE, drain efficiency, gain, and heat dissipation from Pout, Pin, and DC bias. Essential for PA design. Free, instant results.

IMD / IP3

Calculate IIP3, OIP3, IM3/IM2 products, and spurious-free dynamic range for RF amplifiers and mixers. Analyze two-tone spur frequencies. Free, instant results.

Phase Noise to Jitter

Convert oscillator phase noise (dBc/Hz) to RMS jitter in ps and ADC SNR limit. Integrate over offset frequency range for clock design. Free, instant results.

Vibration Phase Noise

Calculate vibration-induced phase noise for oscillators using acceleration sensitivity (Gamma). Analyze sinusoidal and random vibration profiles. Free, instant results.

RL Meas. Error

Calculate return loss measurement uncertainty from coupler directivity and source match. Determine worst-case error bounds for VNA testing. Free, instant results.

Fresnel Zone

Calculate Fresnel zone radius and required clearance for RF line-of-sight links. Determine obstruction margins for microwave and WiFi paths. Free, instant results.

RF Power Density

Calculate power density in W/m² from EIRP and distance using S = EIRP/(4πd²). Get electric field E in V/m, magnetic field H in A/m, and check FCC & ICNIRP EMF safety exposure limits instantly.

Balun Transformer

Calculate balun turns ratio, impedance transformation, and insertion loss for balanced-to-unbalanced feed line matching. Free, instant results.

Link Margin

Calculate RF link margin from TX power, antenna gains, path loss, and receiver sensitivity. Determine max range and fade margin for wireless links. Free, instant results.

Mixer Spurs

Calculate mixer spurious products (m*fLO +/- n*fRF) for receiver design. Identify spurs near the IF passband and optimize LO/IF planning. Free, instant results.

Trace Width

Calculate minimum PCB trace width for current capacity per IPC-2221 and IPC-2152. Get resistance, voltage drop, and power dissipation. Free, instant results.

Trace Resistance

Calculate PCB copper trace DC resistance from width, length, thickness, and temperature. Get sheet resistance and temp coefficient. Free, instant results.

Differential Pair

Calculate Zdiff and Zcommon for edge-coupled microstrip pairs. Design USB, HDMI, and Ethernet differential pairs with odd/even mode impedance. Free, instant results.

Via Calculator

Calculate PCB via impedance, capacitance, inductance, and current capacity. Get aspect ratio and DFM warnings for through-hole and blind vias. Free, instant results.

Stackup Builder

Calculate trace width for target impedance across PCB stackup configurations. Select layer count, dielectric, and copper weight for 50 ohm or custom Z0. Free, instant results.

Controlled Z

Calculate characteristic impedance for surface microstrip, embedded microstrip, and stripline PCB traces. Get Z0, effective Er, and target trace width. Free, instant results.

PCB Crosstalk

Calculate PCB trace crosstalk NEXT, FEXT, and coupling coefficient for signal integrity analysis. Determine critical length and guard trace spacing. Free, instant results.

Decoupling Capacitor

Calculate decoupling capacitor SRF, impedance at target frequency, and number of caps needed for power integrity. Includes ESR/ESL modeling. Free, instant results.

PCB Trace Inductance

Calculate PCB trace parasitic inductance using the Ruehli formula. Get inductance per unit length and impedance at 100 MHz and 1 GHz. Free, instant results.

Via Thermal Resistance

Calculate thermal via resistance, array conductance, and current capacity for PCB thermal management. Design filled and plated via arrays. Free, instant results.

Power Plane Impedance

Calculate PCB power plane impedance, capacitance, inductance, and resonant frequency for PDN design. Optimize your power delivery network. Free, instant results.

Via Stub Resonance

Calculate via stub resonant frequency, signal notch depth, and backdrill benefit for high-speed PCB design. Optimize stub length. Free, instant results.

Solder Paste Volume

Calculate solder paste volume, stencil aperture area, and IPC-7525A area ratio. Design SMD stencils for reliable reflow soldering. Free, instant results.

Voltage Divider

Calculate voltage divider output voltage, current, Thévenin impedance, and power dissipation from Vin, R1, and R2. Ideal for bias networks and level shifting.

LED Resistor

Calculate the correct current limiting resistor for an LED. Shows exact value, nearest E24 standard, actual current, and power dissipation.

Buck Converter

Design a synchronous buck (step-down) converter: calculate duty cycle, inductor value, output capacitor, and input capacitor.

LDO Thermal

Calculate LDO regulator power dissipation, junction temperature, thermal margin, and minimum dropout voltage for thermal design validation.

Battery Life

Estimate battery runtime for IoT and portable devices given average current draw, duty cycle, self-discharge rate, and depth-of-discharge cutoff. Suitable for LiPo, alkaline, NiMH, and coin-cell batteries.

Power Factor

Calculate power factor, reactive power, and correction capacitor for AC circuits

Boost Converter

Calculate duty cycle, inductor value, and output capacitor for boost (step-up) DC-DC converter design

3-Phase Power

Calculate three-phase real power, reactive power, apparent power, current, and power factor from line or phase values

PWM Duty Cycle

Calculate PWM duty cycle, frequency, average voltage, off-time, and RMS voltage from on-time and period parameters

MOSFET Power Loss

Calculate MOSFET conduction loss, switching loss, total power dissipation, junction temperature, and efficiency for power electronics design

Solar Panel Sizing

Calculate solar panel wattage, battery capacity, and charge controller current for off-grid photovoltaic systems based on load and sun hours

Battery Charge Time

Calculate Li-ion battery charge time using CC/CV method, including CC phase duration, total charge time, energy input, and charging efficiency

Inrush Current Limiter

Calculate NTC thermistor requirements for inrush current limiting, including cold resistance, peak inrush current, time constant, and energy absorbed

Charge Pump

Calculate Dickson charge pump output voltage, loaded voltage, output ripple, and efficiency for switched-capacitor voltage multiplier circuits

Switching Regulator Ripple

Calculate buck converter output voltage ripple, inductor current ripple, and ESR contribution for switching regulator design

LDO Dropout

Calculate LDO regulator power dissipation, junction temperature rise, minimum input voltage, efficiency, and headroom for linear regulator design

Transformer Turns Ratio

Calculate transformer turns ratio, secondary current, apparent power, and real power delivered. Accounts for transformer efficiency.

Flyback Converter

Calculate flyback converter turns ratio, peak primary and secondary currents, and power levels for isolated DC-DC converter design.

Supercap Backup

Calculate supercapacitor backup time, stored energy, and charge time for power backup applications using ultracapacitors.

Battery Internal Resistance

Calculate battery internal resistance from open-circuit and loaded voltage measurements, determine power loss and maximum short-circuit current.

Filter Designer

Design passive Butterworth and Chebyshev LC ladder filters up to order 10. Calculate component values for low-pass, high-pass, and band-pass topologies. Free, instant results.

Nyquist Sampling

Calculate Nyquist sampling rate, oversampling ratio, and aliasing frequency. Verify your ADC sampling meets the Nyquist criterion and determine data rate. Free, instant results.

SNR

Calculate signal-to-noise ratio, noise floor, receiver sensitivity, and dynamic range for RF systems. Analyze your signal chain performance. Free, instant results.

ADC SNR & ENOB

Calculate ADC signal-to-noise ratio, ENOB, and SFDR with aperture jitter effects. Analyze converter performance for data acquisition design. Free, instant results.

FFT Resolution

Calculate FFT frequency bin resolution, Nyquist range, time record length, and scalloping loss. Design spectral analysis parameters for DSP systems. Free, instant results.

Johnson-Nyquist Noise

Calculate thermal noise voltage, power, and spectral density for any resistor. Determine Johnson-Nyquist noise floor for low-noise circuit design. Free, instant results.

AM Modulation Index

Calculate AM modulation index: m = (Amax − Amin) / (Amax + Amin). Computes sideband amplitudes, bandwidth (2 × fm), power efficiency, and flags overmodulation (m > 1).

FM Modulation Index

Calculate FM modulation index, Carson's rule bandwidth, and SNR improvement over AM. Determine Bessel bandwidth for FM transmitter design. Free, instant results.

Oversampling & Noise Shaping

Calculate SNR improvement from oversampling and noise shaping for sigma-delta ADCs. Determine effective bits gained from higher OSR. Free, instant results.

Filter Order Calculator

Calculate minimum filter order for Butterworth, Chebyshev, and elliptic designs. Determine order from passband ripple and stopband attenuation specs. Free, instant results.

PLL Loop Filter

Design a type-2 second-order PLL passive loop filter. Calculates time constants, capacitor and resistor values for target loop bandwidth and phase margin.

BER Calculator

Free BER calculator for BPSK, QPSK, 8PSK, 16-QAM. Enter Eb/N0 to instantly compute bit error rate. Compare modulation schemes and optimize link performance.

Quantization Noise

Calculate ADC quantization noise, SQNR, ENOB, and noise spectral density. Analyze dynamic range for analog-to-digital converter design. Free, instant results.

Dipole Antenna

Calculate dipole antenna length for any frequency — enter MHz, get half-wave and quarter-wave dimensions in mm. Includes gain (2.15 dBi), radiation resistance (73 Ω), and 50 Ω VSWR. Supports velocity factor for insulated wire.

Patch Antenna

Calculate rectangular microstrip patch antenna dimensions (width, length) using the Transmission Line Model. Outputs effective dielectric constant, edge-feed impedance, and nominal gain for common substrates like FR4 and Rogers.

EIRP / ERP

Calculate EIRP and ERP from transmit power, cable loss, and antenna gain. Check FCC Part 15 and ETSI regulatory compliance margins. Free, instant results.

Beamwidth

Calculate antenna 3 dB beamwidth, gain from aperture, and effective area. Determine HPBW for dish, horn, and aperture antennas. Free, instant results.

Yagi-Uda Antenna

Calculate Yagi-Uda antenna element lengths, gain, spacing, and impedance. Design directional Yagi antennas for any frequency. Free, instant results.

Horn Antenna

Calculate pyramidal horn antenna gain, E/H-plane beamwidths, and effective aperture area. Design horn antennas for microwave systems. Free, instant results.

Parabolic Dish

Calculate parabolic dish gain, HPBW, effective aperture, and noise temperature. Design satellite and microwave dish antennas. Free, instant results.

Loop Antenna

Calculate loop antenna radiation resistance, Q factor, bandwidth, and gain. Design magnetic loop antennas for HF and VHF bands. Free, instant results.

Ohm's Law

Calculate voltage, current, resistance, and power using Ohm's Law. Enter any two values to solve for the remaining two quantities.

Color Code

Decode resistor color bands to resistance value and tolerance. Supports 4-band, 5-band, and 6-band resistors. Instant color band to ohms conversion.

RC Time Constant

Calculate RC circuit time constant τ, charge time to 63.2% and 99%, and −3dB cutoff frequency. Essential for filter and timing circuit design.

Series/Parallel R·C·L

Calculate the equivalent series and parallel combination of up to four resistors, capacitors, or inductors. Also computes the voltage divider ratio for two-resistor networks.

LC Resonance

Calculate the resonant frequency, characteristic impedance, Q factor, and bandwidth of a series or parallel LC tank circuit. Enter inductance, capacitance, and optional series resistance.

Op-Amp Gain

Calculate op-amp voltage gain, gain in dB, −3 dB bandwidth, and input impedance for inverting, non-inverting, and differential amplifier configurations.

Wire Gauge

Convert between AWG and mm², calculate wire current capacity, resistance, and voltage drop

Capacitor Energy

Calculate capacitor energy (E = 1/2·CV²), stored charge (Q = CV), and average charging current. Enter capacitance in μF and voltage — get energy in mJ, charge in mC, and power instantly.

Zener Diode

Calculate series resistor, power dissipation, and load current for zener diode voltage regulators

Inductor Energy

Calculate energy stored in an inductor, L/R time constant, and current rise time

BJT Bias Point

Calculate BJT voltage divider bias Q-point including collector current, base voltage, VCE, power dissipation, and operating region

MOSFET Operating Point

Calculate MOSFET drain current, saturation voltage, transconductance, and operating region (cutoff, triode, saturation) for NMOS transistors

Comparator Hysteresis

Calculate comparator hysteresis trip points for Schmitt trigger circuits, upper and lower threshold voltages, and design resistor values for a desired hysteresis percentage

555 Timer

Calculate 555 timer frequency, period, duty cycle, and pulse width for both astable oscillator and monostable one-shot configurations

Transistor Switch

Calculate BJT transistor switch parameters including load current, required base current, base resistor value, saturation check, and power dissipation

Current Mirror

Calculate current mirror output current, beta error, reference resistor, power consumption, and Widlar mirror resistor for analog IC and bias circuit design

Schmitt Trigger

Calculate non-inverting Schmitt trigger threshold voltages and hysteresis band for comparator circuits with positive feedback.

Crystal Load Cap

Calculate actual load capacitance seen by a crystal oscillator, estimate frequency error from spec, and find recommended external capacitor values.

Op-Amp Bandwidth

Calculate op-amp closed-loop -3dB bandwidth from the gain-bandwidth product (GBW), determine rise time, and verify phase margin.

LM317 Resistors

Calculate R2 resistor value for LM317/LM338 adjustable voltage regulator output voltage, with actual Vout and resistor power dissipation.

LDO Dropout

Calculate LDO minimum input voltage from dropout specification, determine power dissipation, and estimate efficiency at a given supply voltage.

UART Baud Rate

Calculate UART frame timing, throughput, and USART BRR register divisor from baud rate, data format, and MCU clock frequency. Identify baud rate error for reliable serial communication.

I2C Pull-Up

Calculate I2C pull-up resistor values for Standard (100 kHz), Fast (400 kHz), and Fast-Plus (1 MHz) modes. Derives minimum, maximum, and recommended resistance from supply voltage and bus capacitance per NXP UM10204.

Clock Jitter

Calculate clock tree timing budget for FPGA and SoC designs. Enter reference oscillator jitter, PLL noise floor, buffer stages, and target clock frequency to compute setup margin.

SPI Timing

Calculate SPI bus timing parameters including bit period, frame time, maximum clock frequency limited by trace capacitance, and signal slew rate

CAN Bus Timing

Calculate CAN bus bit timing parameters including prescaler, time quanta, sync segment, propagation segment, and phase buffer segments for a given baud rate and sample point

USB Termination

Calculate USB bus termination resistor values, differential impedance, cable propagation delay, signal rise time, and eye opening for USB 2.0 and USB 3.0

RS-485 Termination

Calculate RS-485 bus termination resistors, bias resistors, maximum baud rate for cable length, propagation delay, and bias current consumption

I2S Timing

Calculate I2S bit clock (BCLK), word clock (LRCLK/WCLK), and data rate for audio interfaces at any sample rate, bit depth, and channel count.

LIN Bus Timing

Calculate LIN bus bit time, break field length, frame time, and maximum frame rate for automotive LIN network design.

Modbus Timing

Calculate Modbus RTU character time, 3.5-character inter-frame gap, total frame duration, and maximum frame rate.

Ethernet Cable

Calculate Ethernet cable attenuation, maximum cable length, and pass/fail for Cat5e, Cat6, Cat6a, and Cat8 at 100Mbps, 1Gbps, and 10Gbps.

Heatsink

Calculate required heatsink thermal resistance and junction temperature for power devices

Trace Temp

Calculate PCB copper trace temperature rise under load current using IPC-2152

Thermal Resistance Network

Calculate junction, case, and heatsink temperatures through a series thermal resistance network (θJC + θCS + θSA) for component thermal management

Junction Temperature

Calculate semiconductor junction temperature from power dissipation and thermal resistance chain (θJC + θCS + θSA). Essential for transistor, MOSFET, and IC thermal design.

Heatsink Selection

Calculate the required heatsink thermal resistance (θSA) to keep a device junction below its maximum temperature. Use this to select an appropriate heatsink.

Thermal Via Array

Calculate thermal resistance of a PCB thermal via array for heat spreading from SMD packages to inner copper planes or heatsinks.

DC Motor

Calculate DC motor speed, torque, power, and efficiency from electrical parameters

Stepper Motor

Calculate stepper motor speed, step frequency, and travel per revolution

BLDC Motor

BLDC motor calculator: enter Kv rating and voltage to get no-load RPM, stall torque, max efficiency point, and propeller thrust. Supports drone, RC, and industrial winding calculations.

Servo Motor

Calculate servo motor torque, speed, efficiency, and back-EMF from electrical and load parameters.

Gear Ratio

Calculate gear ratio, output speed, torque multiplication, and power transmission efficiency for gear trains.

PWM Motor Speed

Convert PWM duty cycle to effective motor voltage, calculate no-load speed and stall current for DC motor PWM control.

Torque Converter

Convert torque between Newton-metres, pound-feet, pound-inches, oz·in, kg·cm and dyne·cm — covers all motor datasheet units.

Motor Efficiency

Calculate motor efficiency, power losses, and heat dissipation from electrical input and mechanical output measurements.

Motor Slip

Calculate induction motor slip, synchronous speed, slip frequency, and rotor speed for AC induction motors.

Motor Inrush

Calculate motor inrush current, voltage drop during startup, and I²t value for fuse/breaker selection.

Motor Heat

Calculate motor heat dissipation, temperature rise, and operating temperature from input power and efficiency.

Encoder Resolution

Calculate encoder counts per revolution, angular resolution, and maximum frequency for quadrature and single-channel encoders.

Starting Torque

Calculate DC motor starting (stall) torque, stall current, no-load speed, and peak power at startup.

Motor Battery Life

Calculate battery runtime for motor-driven systems accounting for motor current draw, efficiency, and depth of discharge.

Winding Resistance

Calculate motor winding resistance at operating temperature using the copper temperature coefficient of resistance.

H-Bridge

Calculate H-bridge MOSFET requirements including peak current, conduction losses, and minimum current rating for DC motor drivers.

Driver Power

Calculate motor driver IC or discrete MOSFET power dissipation including conduction loss and switching loss at a given PWM frequency.

PID Tuning

Calculate PID controller gains using the Ziegler-Nichols open-loop (reaction curve) method from process gain, dead time, and time constant.

RF Shielding

Calculate electromagnetic shielding effectiveness, absorption loss, reflection loss, and skin depth. Evaluate enclosure materials per MIL-STD-285.

Ferrite Bead

Calculate ferrite bead impedance, insertion loss, and DC voltage drop at any frequency. Select EMI filter beads for power supply decoupling.

LC EMI Filter

Design LC EMI filters for conducted emissions compliance. Calculate inductance, capacitance, cutoff frequency, and attenuation for CISPR 22/32 and FCC Part 15. Free, instant results.

ESD TVS Diode

Calculate TVS diode clamping voltage, breakdown voltage, and peak pulse power. Select ESD protection for IEC 61000-4-2 circuit design.

CMC Impedance

Calculate common mode choke impedance, insertion loss, and Q factor at any frequency. Design EMC filters for CISPR 25 conducted emissions compliance.

Decoupling Cap EMC

Calculate decoupling capacitor impedance, reactance, and self-resonant frequency. Select bypass caps by package for EMC power integrity.

ESD Clamp

Calculate ESD clamp diode peak current, power dissipation, and clamping ratio. Verify TVS protection for IEC 61000-4-2 compliance.

Radiated Emissions

Estimate radiated emissions from PCB current loops using the small-loop model. Compare E-field against CISPR 22/FCC Class B limits instantly.

Ground Impedance

Calculate PCB ground plane AC impedance, skin depth, and inductive reactance vs frequency. Analyze ground return paths for EMC compliance.

PCB Crosstalk EMC

Analyze PCB trace crosstalk from capacitive and inductive coupling. Calculate coupling voltage and dB isolation for EMC pre-compliance.

Ripple Filter

Calculate LC filter attenuation, resonant frequency, and output ripple voltage. Design power supply EMC filters for ripple rejection.

Cable Shield

Calculate cable shielding effectiveness and transfer impedance vs frequency. Evaluate coaxial and shielded cable EMI performance for EMC compliance.

Chassis Resonance

Calculate the lowest resonant frequency and TE modes of a metallic enclosure. Identify cavity resonance problems for EMC shielding design.

EMI Margin

Calculate EMI compliance margin with measurement uncertainty and safety margin. Predict CISPR/FCC pre-compliance test pass or fail instantly.

Conducted EMI Filter

Design an LC filter for CISPR 22/FCC conducted emissions compliance. Calculate required inductor and capacitor values for target attenuation.

DM EMI Filter

Design a differential mode LC EMI filter. Calculate corner frequency, attenuation, and impedance for SMPS output noise suppression.

NTC Thermistor

Calculate temperature from NTC thermistor resistance using the Steinhart-Hart beta equation. Get Kelvin and Celsius outputs for sensor circuit design.

RTD Temperature

Calculate temperature from PT100 or PT1000 resistance — enter measured ohms, get °C instantly. Uses the Callendar-Van Dusen linear approximation. Includes presets for common PT100 values (119.4 Ω = 50 °C, 138.5 Ω = 100 °C).

Wheatstone Bridge

Calculate Wheatstone bridge output voltage, balance condition, and mV/V sensitivity. Design circuits for strain gauges, RTDs, and load cells.

Hall Effect Sensor

Calculate Hall voltage V_H = R_H·I·B/t, carrier density, and sensitivity for Hall effect sensors. Covers magnetic field measurement, current sensing, and position detection applications.

Strain Gauge Bridge

Calculate bridge output voltage for strain gauges in quarter, half, and full bridge configs. Determine mV output and resistance change for load cells.

PT100 Resistance

Calculate PT100 or PT1000 RTD resistance at any temperature using the Callendar-Van Dusen equation. Get resistance and sensitivity per IEC 60751.

Thermocouple

Calculate thermocouple EMF voltage from temperature with cold junction compensation. Determine Seebeck output for Type K, J, T, and E sensors.

Load Cell Amp

Calculate load cell output voltage, required amplifier gain, and mV/V sensitivity for Wheatstone bridge weigh scale and force sensor designs.

TIA Design

Calculate TIA output voltage, bandwidth, and noise for photodiode circuits. Design transimpedance amplifier gain and feedback components.

Capacitive Sensor

Calculate capacitance and sensitivity (pF/mm) between sensor plate and target. Design capacitive proximity and touch sensor detection circuits.

Current Shunt

Calculate shunt resistor voltage drop, power dissipation, amplifier output, and ADC resolution for current sensing circuits. Free, instant results.

Accelerometer

Calculate accelerometer output voltage, ADC resolution in mg per LSB, and full-scale range. Design MEMS vibration and motion sensor interfaces.

Pressure Bridge

Calculate bridge output voltage for piezoresistive pressure sensors. Determine mV output from excitation voltage, sensitivity, and applied pressure.

Sensor Accuracy

Calculate total sensor error using RSS and worst-case methods. Analyze offset, gain, nonlinearity, resolution, and temperature drift contributions.

Optical Range

Compare optical proximity sensor configurations by detection factor. Analyze emitter power, detector responsivity, and reflectivity tradeoffs.

LVDT

Calculate LVDT output voltage, sensitivity in mV/mm, and linear range from excitation voltage and stroke. Design displacement sensor signal chains.

4-20mA Loop

Calculate 4-20 mA current loop voltage budget, sensor value from loop current, and maximum loop resistance for industrial transmitter design.

Frequency ↔ Wavelength

Convert frequency to wavelength instantly: 150 MHz = 2.0 m, 2.4 GHz = 12.5 cm, 5.8 GHz = 5.2 cm. Calculates full, half, and quarter wavelengths for any medium — antenna design, coax, and RF planning.

dBm ↔ Watts

Instant dBm ↔ watts conversion: 0 dBm = 1 mW, 10 dBm = 10 mW, 20 dBm = 100 mW, 30 dBm = 1 W. Also converts dBW, dBμV, and RMS volts for 50 Ω RF systems.

Temperature Converter

Convert temperature between Celsius, Fahrenheit, Kelvin, Rankine, and Réaumur scales. Useful for thermal analysis, datasheet comparison, and engineering calculations.

AWG Wire Gauge

Convert AWG wire gauge to diameter (mm/inches), cross-sectional area (mm²), resistance per meter, and approximate current carrying capacity.

Capacitor Code

Decode 3-digit capacitor code (e.g., 104 = 100nF) to capacitance in pF, nF, and μF. Works with ceramic, film, and tantalum capacitor markings.

Inductance Converter

Convert inductance between henries, millihenries, microhenries, nanohenries, and picohenries.

Capacitance Converter

Convert capacitance between farads, millifarads, microfarads, nanofarads, and picofarads.

Resistance Converter

Convert resistance between milliohms, ohms, kilohms, megaohms, and gigaohms.

Current Converter

Convert electric current between amperes, milliamperes, microamperes, nanoamperes, and picoamperes.

Voltage Converter

Convert voltage between microvolts, millivolts, volts, kilovolts, and megavolts.

Time Converter

Convert time between seconds, milliseconds, microseconds, nanoseconds, picoseconds, and femtoseconds for digital and RF applications.

Magnetic Units

Convert magnetic flux density between Tesla, milliTesla, microTesla, Gauss, and nanoTesla for sensor and motor applications.

Data Rate Converter

Convert data rates instantly: bps ↔ kbps ↔ Mbps ↔ Gbps and bytes/sec. Includes presets for UART (9600 bps), CAN (1 Mbps), Ethernet (100 Mbps), and GbE. Also converts baud rate to kbps.

Angle Converter

Convert angles between degrees, radians, gradians, arcminutes, arcseconds, and turns for motor, antenna, and RF applications.

Energy Converter

Convert energy between joules, millijoules, electron-volts, kilowatt-hours, calories, and BTU.

Torque Converter

Convert torque between Newton-metres, pound-feet, pound-inches, oz·in, kg·cm, kg·m, and dyne·cm.

Illuminance Converter

Convert illuminance between lux, foot-candles, millilux, kilolux, and phot for ambient light sensor and LED design.

Audio Amplifier

Calculate amplifier output power from supply voltage and speaker impedance. Get max power, RMS power, THD estimate by class (A/AB/D), SNR, and input sensitivity for speaker matching.

Speaker Crossover

Calculate passive 2-way speaker crossover component values for 1st order (6dB/oct) and 2nd order Butterworth (12dB/oct) networks.

Room Modes

Calculate room axial modes using f = n·c/(2L). Find all standing wave frequencies, Schroeder frequency, and mode spacing for acoustic treatment and speaker placement.

Speaker SPL

Calculate speaker SPL at any power and distance from the rated sensitivity (dB/W/m) specification.

Headphone Power

Calculate the amplifier output power, voltage, and current required to drive headphones to a target SPL.

Audio SNR

Calculate audio SNR and dynamic range. 16-bit audio = 98 dB, 24-bit = 146 dB theoretical SNR. Formula: SNR = 6.02·N + 1.76 dB. Enter bit depth or signal/noise levels in dBV.

Op-Amp Slew Rate

Calculate op-amp full-power bandwidth from slew rate and signal amplitude, and verify the op-amp can handle your signal without slew-rate distortion.

Audio Transformer

Calculate audio transformer turns ratio for impedance matching between source and load, plus secondary voltage and current.

Cable Rolloff

Calculate the high-frequency rolloff (-3 dB point) caused by cable capacitance interacting with source impedance.

Subwoofer Box

Calculate subwoofer box volume for sealed and ported enclosures from Thiele-Small parameters (Vas, Qts, Fs). Get optimal internal volume, port tuning frequency, and −3 dB cutoff instantly.

Tweeter Capacitor

Calculate the capacitor value for a first-order tweeter high-pass filter to protect tweeters from low-frequency damage.

Class-D Efficiency

Estimate Class D amplifier efficiency from MOSFET conduction losses and quiescent current at a given output power.

ADC Dynamic Range

Calculate the theoretical SNR and dynamic range of an audio ADC from its bit depth, and the improvement from oversampling.

EQ Q Factor

Free EQ Q factor calculator — enter center frequency and bandwidth to get Q, octaves, and 3dB points. Convert between Q factor, fractional bandwidth, and octave bandwidth for parametric equalizer design.

Amp Clipping

Calculate amplifier clipping voltage, power, and dBV level from supply voltage and load impedance.

Delay Time

Calculate audio delay time in milliseconds from BPM and note value — quarter, eighth, dotted, triplet. Also computes acoustic propagation delay from speaker distance for live sound alignment.

Amplifier Gain

Calculate amplifier gain in dB from input and output voltage or power. Get voltage gain (V/V and dB) and power gain (W/W and dB) — useful for setting amp gain, matching levels, and system design.